Water carries sediment down river and as the river becomes more shallow, the sediment is deposited, forming landforms such as deltas. Mountains are also an example of a slow constructive force due to two tectonic plates being pushed into each other.

To scientists, volcanoes are known as “constructive” forces. That is, volcanoes often result in the construction of new landforms. “Destructive” forces are those like erosion or weathering in which landforms are broken down into smaller pieces like soil and sand.

Deltas are a landform created by a constructive force and are formed by several different processes. When a river weathers rocks into sediments, the sediments are carried away, or eroded. Then, the sediment is deposited at the mouth of the river and it forms a delta. The Mississippi river delta.

Constructive perception, is the theory of perception in which the perceiver uses sensory information and other sources of information to construct a cognitive understanding of a stimulus. Also known as intelligent perception, constructive perception shows the relationship between intelligence and perception.

Tsunamis. Tsunamis are destructive forces and are caused by earthquakes. The earthquake causes the sea floor to shake and a gigantic wave comes up out of the ocean and goes onto the land. They are destructive because they knock down houses and can cause floods.

Bottom-up processing is the process of ‘sensation’ and top-down is the process of ‘perception’. Sensation is the input of sensory information from our external environment that is received by our sensory receptors. Perception is how our brains choose, organize, and interpret these sensations.

One classic example of top-down processing in action is a phenomenon known as the Stroop effect. In this task, people are shown a list of words printed in different colors. They’re then asked to name the ink color, rather than the word itself.

Top down. The top down reading model is based on the philosophy that the brain and reader are at the center of understanding and succeeding. Top-down models ask readers to construct meaning from text; this knowledge is made from the whole (text) to the part (words).

Key Takeaways. Top-down usually encompasses a vast universe of macro variables while bottom-up is more narrowly focused. Top-down investing strategies typically focus on exploiting opportunities that follow market cycles while bottom-up approaches are more fundamental in nature.

schemas

Top-down processing enables us to shortcut the cognitive path between our perceptions and their meaning. Part of the reason for this is that top-down processing helps us recognize patterns. Patterns are useful because they help us understand and know how to interact with the world.

A top-down approach means thinking through the problem and then asking incisive questions that get to its heart, which sometimes include questions that the client doesn’t want to hear. Clients can sometimes look in the wrong place for the source of the problem.

Bottom-up processing refers to processing sensory information as it is coming in. Top-down processing, on the other hand, refers to perception that is driven by cognition. Your brain applies what it knows and what it expects to perceive and fills in the blanks, so to speak.

What is the difference between “bottom-up” & “top-down” processing? “Bottom-up” Processing is sensation it is automatic. It is the process of taking in information from the environment through sensory inputs. “Top-down” processing is perception and this is intellectual.

Top-down listening means making as much use as you can of your knowledge and the situation. From your knowledge of situations, contexts, texts, conversations, phrases and sentences, you can understand what you hear.

1. Bottom-up processing is when the environment (stimuli) influence our thinking. 2. Top-down processing is when our thinking influences how we see (understand/perceive) the environment.