Strength of a metal is mostly due to the nature of bonds called metallic bonds. Ice can never be as strong as most metals but it can get extremely strong when super cooled, an example is ice on the surface of most jupiter and neptune moons, the ice there at -190 degrees Celsius is as hard as a granite rock.

Water expands when it freezes making it less dense than the water from which it freezes. In fact, its volume is a little over 9% greater (or density ca. If water did not expand when freezing, then it would be denser than liquid water when it froze; therefore it would sink and fill lakes or the ocean from bottom to top.

The answer is: once ice is formed, it does not expand as it gets colder. It actually shrinks becoming more dense as it gets colder. The maximum density of water is at 4 deg.

Water/ice will expand in all directions. In the liquid form it has upwards space to expand. Once the top is frozen it will expand in all direction and the container is likely to crack.

3.98°C

The two main factors that affect density of ocean water are the temperature of the water and the salinity of the water. The density of ocean water continuously increases with decreasing temperature until the water freezes.

The density of water can also be affected by temperature. When the same amount of water is heated or cooled, its density changes. When comparing two samples of water with the same salinity, or mass, the water sample with the higher temperature will have a greater volume, and it will therefore be less dense.

There are two factors which are affecting the density of water, namely, temperature and purity. In the case of pure water, temperature plays a crucial role. The density of water varies with temperature but not in a linear way.

The density of a substance is the relationship between the mass of the substance and how much space it takes up (volume). The mass of atoms, their size, and how they are arranged determine the density of a substance. Density equals the mass of the substance divided by its volume; D = m/v.

Density has obvious importance when it comes to the buoyancy of objects. Broadly, if something is denser than water (having a density over 1,000 kg/cubic meter) it will sink, but if something has a lower density than water, it will float. The difference in density is also why oil floats on the surface of water.

The density of an object is one of its most important and easily-measured physical properties. Densities are widely used to identify pure substances and to characterize and estimate the composition of many kinds of mixtures.

For a floating object, the buoyancy force is equal to the gravity force on the object. Hence, the buoyancy force doesn’t change with a denser fluid. Instead the displaced volume decreases to cancel out the effect of the increased fluid density.

Notice how the buoyant force only depends on the density of the fluid ρ in which the object is submerged, the acceleration due to gravity g, and the volume of the displaced fluid V f V_f Vf​V, start subscript, f, end subscript. Surprisingly the buoyant force doesn’t depend on the overall depth of the object submerged.