All known integer-spin particles are bosons. When a gas of Bose particles is cooled down to temperatures very close to absolute zero, then the kinetic energy of the particles decreases to a negligible amount, and they condense into the lowest energy level state.

An international team of researchers has successfully produced a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in space for the first time. A Bose-Einstein condensate is a state of matter occurring after gas atoms with very low density are chilled to very near absolute zero and bunch up to form an extremely dense quantum state.

Absolute zero cannot be achieved, although it is possible to reach temperatures close to it through the use of cryocoolers, dilution refrigerators, and nuclear adiabatic demagnetization. The use of laser cooling has produced temperatures less than a billionth of a kelvin.

Any object which is comprised of an even number of fermions is a boson, while any particle which is comprised of an odd number of fermions is a fermion. For example, a proton is made of three quarks, hence it is a fermion. A 4He atom is made of 2 protons, 2 neutrons and 2 electrons, hence it is a boson.

Bosons : Characteristics and Examples All bosons have either zero spin or an even integer spin. Bosons are gregarious. Bosons may occupy the exact same quantum state as other bosons, as for example in the case of laser light which is formed of coherent, overlapping photons.

The Celsius scale sets the freezing point and boiling point of water at 0°C and 100°C respectively. The Kelvin scale is based on molecular motion, with the temperature of 0 K, also known as absolute zero, being the point where all molecular motion ceases.

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All known integer-spin particles are bosons. When a gas of Bose particles is cooled down to temperatures very close to absolute zero, then the kinetic energy of the particles decreases to a negligible amount, and they condense into the lowest energy level state. This state is called a Bose–Einstein condensate.

Fundamental Bosons. According to the Standard Model of quantum physics, there are a number of fundamental bosons, which are not made up of smaller particles. This includes the basic gauge bosons, the particles that mediate the fundamental forces of physics (except for gravity, which we’ll get to in a moment).

How bosons fit with other classes of sub atomic particles, hadrons and fermions. In quantum mechanics, a boson (/ ˈboʊsɒn /, / ˈboʊzɒn /) is a particle that follows Bose–Einstein statistics. Bosons make up one of two classes of elementary particles, the other being fermions.