Electrons flow from the negative terminal to the positive. Conventional current or simply current, behaves as if positive charge carriers cause current flow. Conventional current flows from the positive terminal to the negative.

Electricity is the movement of electrons between atoms.

A: Electrons are negatively charged, and so are attracted to the positive end of a battery and repelled by the negative end. So when the battery is hooked up to something that lets the electrons flow through it, they flow from negative to positive.

Electrons in higher-energy atomic states vibrate more quickly. Because an electron is a quantum object with wave-like properties, it must always be vibrating at some frequency. In order for an electron to stop vibrating and therefore have a frequency of zero, it must be destroyed.

A calculation shows that the electron is traveling at about 2,200 kilometers per second. That’s less than 1% of the speed of light, but it’s fast enough to get it around the Earth in just over 18 seconds. Read up on what happens when nothing can go faster than the speed of light.

If there wasn’t quantum pushback, all atomic electrons would collapse into their nuclei and all atoms would collapse into each other, and we would have a very boring universe.

Quantum mechanics states that among all the possible energy levels an electron can sit in the presence of a nucleus, there is one, which has THE MINIMAL energy. This energy level is called the ground state. So, even if atoms are in a very very called environment, QM prohibits electrons from falling to the nucleus.

the electromagnetic force

Electrons are found in different levels — or orbitals — surrounding the nucleus. The electrons can be found at any point in their orbital. “We no longer think of it that way because of experiments that came later on.” Now we know that electrons do not orbit around the nucleus like planets around the sun.

Near absolute zero, electrons “continue to whiz around” inside atoms, says quantum physicist Christopher Foot of the University of Oxford. Moreover, even at absolute zero, atoms would not be completely stationary. They would “jiggle about,” but would not have enough energy to change state. It’s energy is at a minimum.

Students will know that electrons carry energy and momentum when they are moving. Yet these moving electrons seem to be guided to an interference pattern just like waves of light; or just like photons of light in the micro-physical world. The particles are guided by ‘matter waves’. …

Electrons are acting like waves when they don’t look anything like waves. Slowly, electron by electron, the wave pattern builds up. Just like light, sometimes matter acts like a particle, and sometimes, it acts like a wave. So, are light and matter made of waves or particles?

Experiments proved atomic particles act just like waves. When we fire electrons at one side of a screen with two closely spaced holes and measure the distribution of electrons on the other side, we don’t see two peaks, one for each hole, but a complete diffraction pattern, just as if we had been using waves.

Summary: With quantum theory, we find a beautiful unification: instead of there being two fundamental entities (particles and waves), there is only one fundamental entity: waves. All objects are waves, though in some approximations this wave might look like a moving ball; i.e. a particle.