We define and characterize the extended boundary of an amoeba, which is sensitive to some degenerations that the topological boundary does not detect. This gives rise not only to new structural results in amoeba theory, but in particular allows us to compute hypersurface amoebas via their boundary in any dimension.

It reproduces by the process of asexual reproduction called as binary fission. The genetic material replicates by the mitotic division, then the cell divides into two equal daughter cells. The amoeba obtains energy from food, and it uses this energy to move, capture food and reproduce. A clock is a non-living thing.

Amoebae are eukaryotes whose bodies most often consist of a single cell. The cells of amoebae, like those of other eukaryotes, possess certain characteristic features. Their cytoplasm and cellular contents are enclosed within a cell membrane. Their DNA is packaged into a central cellular compartment called the nucleus.

Amoeba is a single celled eukaryotic organism, found in the water body. The organism does not exhibit a well defined shape. It has organelles like nucleus and vacuoles surrounded by cytoplasm. The food being captured by psuedopodium is engulfed inside a vacuole.

hey mate, the answer is as follows : it controls reproduction (it contains the chromosomes) . and many other important functions (including eating and growth). pseudopods – temporary “feet” that the amoeba uses to move around and to engulf food.

The plasma membrane is a very thin, double-layered membrane composed of protein and lipid molecules. Amoeba also contains other cellular organelles such as a contractile vacuole, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and fat globules. Amoeba consumes food either through the process of phagocytosis or pinocytosis.

The cell membrane of an amoeba serves as an enclosure for all of the contents of the cell and allows certain substances to move into and out of the…

nongranular layer of cytoplasm (the ectoplasm) causes the forward flow of the inner, granular layer of cytoplasm (the endoplasm) into the tip of a pseudopod, thus advancing the whole body of the organism.

Ectoplasm (from the Greek ektos, meaning “outside”, and plasma, meaning “something formed or molded”) is a term used in spiritualism to denote a substance or spiritual energy “exteriorized” by physical mediums.

It contains actin and myosin microfilaments.

Ectoplasm → absorb water and removes carbon dioxide clearer cytoplasm found near the cell membrane. It pushes its endoplasm toward cell membrane to move and consume food. Use cilia to aid in locomotion and gather food. Cilia extends out from pellicle.

Paramecia feed on microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and yeasts. To gather food, the Paramecium makes movements with cilia to sweep prey organisms, along with some water, through the oral groove (vestibulum, or vestibule), and into the cell.

A macronucleus (formerly also meganucleus) is the larger type of nucleus in ciliates. Macronuclei are polyploid and undergo direct division without mitosis. It controls the non-reproductive cell functions, such as metabolism.

Trichocyst, a structure in the cortex of certain ciliate and flagellate protozoans consisting of a cavity and long, thin threads that can be ejected in response to certain stimuli. Trichocysts may be widely distributed over an organism or restricted to certain areas (e.g., tentacles, papillae, around the mouth).

A trichocyst is an organelle found in certain ciliates and dinoflagellates. A trichocyst can be found in tetrahymena and along cila pathways of several metabolic systems.

It was concluded that the discharge of trichocysts defends these species of Paramecium against D. margaritifer. Therefore, the results of this work strongly support the hypothesis that trichocysts in Paramecium function as defensive organelles against predators.

The defensive function of trichocysts in Paramecium tetraurelia against metazoan predators compared with the chemical defense of two species of toxin-containing ciliates. Zoolog Sci.

Trichocysts are found in ciliates and in dinoflagellates and other flagellate groups (Hausmann and Hülsmann, 1996).

Nuclear dimorphism is a term referred to the special characteristic of having two different kinds of nuclei in a cell. There are many differences between the types of nuclei. This feature is observed in protozoan ciliates, like Tetrahymena, and some foraminifera.

Paramecium uses cilia in the oral groove to bring food into the mouth pore which goes to the gullet. At the end of the gullet, a food vacuole forms. Undigested food is carried to the anal pore. Euglena is photosynthetic but also engulfs and digests microorganisms.

Humans use extracellular digestion when they eat. Their teeth grind the food up, enzymes and acid in the stomach liquefy it, and additional enzymes in the small intestine break the food down into parts their cells can use. Another example of extracellular digestion being used is in the hydra, or sea anemone.

gallbladder

lysosomes

Digestive system. An insect uses its digestive system to extract nutrients and other substances from the food it consumes.

The simplest example of digestion intracellular digestion, which takes place in a gastrovascular cavity with only one opening. Most animals with soft bodies use this type of digestion, including Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Ctenophora (comb jellies), and Cnidaria (coral, jelly fish, and sea anemones).

Extracellular digestion overcomes these limitations by breaking up larger pieces of food into smaller particles. Its evolution has thus allowed animals to feed on large organisms and has widely expanded available food resources. (ii) Intracellular digestion is limited by lysosome availability.

Heterotrophic organisms such as bacteria and fungi, which require organic nutrients yet lack adaptations for ingesting bulk food, also rely on direct absorption of small nutrient molecules. In other words, the bacteria and fungi perform extracellular digestion—digestion outside cells—before ingesting the food.

Digestion of proteins begins in the stomach, where HCl and pepsin begin the process of breaking down proteins into their constituent amino acids. As the chyme enters the small intestine, it mixes with bicarbonate and digestive enzymes.

Digestion is important for breaking down food into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. Food and drink must be changed into smaller molecules of nutrients before the blood absorbs them and carries them to cells throughout the body.