Glaciers not only transport material as they move, but they also sculpt and carve away the land beneath them. The ice erodes the land surface and carries the broken rocks and soil debris far from their original places, resulting in some interesting glacial landforms.

As the glaciers expand, due to their accumulating weight of snow and ice they crush and abrade and scour surfaces such as rocks and bedrock. The resulting erosional landforms include striations, cirques, glacial horns, arêtes, trim lines, U-shaped valleys, roches moutonnées, overdeepenings and hanging valleys.

Glacier Landforms

• U-Shaped Valleys, Fjords, and Hanging Valleys. Glaciers carve a set of distinctive, steep-walled, flat-bottomed valleys.
• Cirques.
• Nunataks, Arêtes, and Horns.
• Lateral and Medial Moraines.
• Terminal and Recessional Moraines.
• Glacial Till and Glacial Flour.
• Glacial Erratics.
• Glacial Striations.

Glacier – a large collection of ice or a frozen river that moves slowly down a mountain. Gulf – a part of a lake or ocean that extends so that it is surrounded by land on three sides, similar to, but larger than a bay. Lake – a body of water, usually freshwater, of relatively large size contained on a body of land.

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We have five oceans in our world. They are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean, the Southern Ocean or Antarctic Ocean.

The Pacific Ocean is the largest body of water on Earth. Located between the Southern Ocean, Asia, Australia, and the landmasses of the Western Hemisphere, the Pacific Ocean contains almost twice as much water as the world’s second largest body of water, the Atlantic Ocean.

Unless water use is drastically reduced, severe water shortage will affect the entire planet by 2040. “There will be no water by 2040 if we keep doing what we’re doing today”.

Well, 97.5% is seawater unfit for human consumption. And both populations and temperatures are ever-rising, meaning that the freshwater we do have is under severe pressure. Water demand globally is projected to increase by 55% between 2000 and 2050. There’s not an infinite supply of water.”

Glacier is in solid state whereas rivers are found in the form of liquid. Glaciers move very slowly whereas a river flows very fast. A mass of ice that moves very slowly down a mountain valley is known as glacier while a large stream of water flowing in a natural channel is known as river.

Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that forms on the surface of bodies of water.

The Iceberg Principle or Iceberg Theory is a theory that suggests that we cannot see or detect most of a situation’s data. “A theory that suggests that aggregated data can hide information that is important for the proper evaluation of a situation.”

The iceberg theory or theory of omission is a writing technique coined by American writer Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway believed the deeper meaning of a story should not be evident on the surface, but should shine through implicitly.

Oceanographers follow icebergs because the cold freshwater they contribute to the sea can influence currents and ocean circulation far away from their origins. Biologists study icebergs to find out how they influence ocean life.

1 – The Iceberg. Culture has been aptly compared to an iceberg. Just as an iceberg has a visible section above the waterline and a larger, invisible section below the water line, so culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected, imagined, or intuited.

A useful metaphor for culture is an iceberg. Culture is very similar to an iceberg. It has some aspects that are visible and many others that can only be suspected, guessed, or learned as you grow to understand cultures. Like an iceberg, the visible part of culture is only a small part of a much larger whole.

Some cultural differences are visible. Others are hidden. Visible cultural elements include artefacts, symbols, and practices such as: art and architecture; language, colour, and dress; social etiquette and traditions. Hidden differences include cultural values and assumptions.

Edward T. Hall

Enduring Understanding • Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors. Culture can be seen in physical objects and human activities, but much of culture is unseen. Study of the seen aspects of culture can lead to under- standing of the unseen aspects of culture.

Culture – set of patterns of human activity within a community or social group and the symbolic structures that give significance to such activity. Customs, laws, dress, architectural style, social standards, religious beliefs, and traditions are all examples of cultural elements.

Ten Cultural Values

• INDIVIDUALISM/COLLECTIVISM.
• POWER DISTANCE.
• UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE.
• COOPERATIVE/COMPETITIVE.
• TIME ORIENTATION.
• CONTEXT (DIRECT/INDIRECT)
• BEING/DOING.
• UNIVERSALISM/PARTICULARISM.

Let’s look at the six dimensions in more detail.

• Power Distance Index (PDI)
• Individualism Versus Collectivism (IDV)
• Masculinity Versus Femininity (MAS)
• Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI)
• Long- Versus Short-Term Orientation.
• Indulgence Versus Restraint (IVR)

The five cultural dimensions are power-distance, individualism-collectivism, masculinity-femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and Confucian dynamism or long-term orientation [10].

The value orientations of interest in the current study were individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity, time orientation, activity orientation, human’s relationship with nature, and uncertainty avoidance.

Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory, developed by Geert Hofstede, is a framework used to understand the differences in culture across countries and to discern the ways that business is done across different cultures.

The four original dimensions of cultural difference identified by Hofstede were: power distance index, individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity and the uncertainty avoidance index.