The microelectronic robot is 0.8 mm long, 0.8 mm wide and 0.14 mm tall. To compare: a one cent piece has a diameter of around 16mm.

Nanobots do not yet exist, but when they do, their potential applications include molecular manufacturing (nano factories) and medical nanobots that steer autonomously through the bloodstream, making repairs and guarding against infection.

Nanobots are robots that carry out a very specific function and are ~50–100 nm wide. They can be used very effectively for drug delivery. Normally, drugs work through the entire body before they reach the disease-affected area.

The field of nanotechnologies, which studies phenomena at the nanometer scale, 1 to 100 nanometers, is today in full expansion and finds applications in medicine, electronics and the development of new materials.

Ferrous nanoparticles In case of failure or malfunction, a small EMP or an MRI could be used to deactivate the nanobots. Both techniques induce an electromagnetic field, corrupting the memory and shorting out the circuitry of any electronic device within range.

What are the possible dangers of nanotechnology?

• Nanoparticles may damage the lungs.
• Nanoparticles can get into the body through the skin, lungs and digestive system.
• The human body has developed a tolerance to most naturally occurring elements and molecules that it has contact with.

Xenobots are less than 1mm long and made of 500-1000 living cells. They have various simple shapes, including some with squat “legs”. They can propel themselves in linear or circular directions, join together to act collectively, and move small objects. Using their own cellular energy, they can live up to 10 days.

Nanoparticles which are not absorbed by the gut or the lungs eventually leave the body in the faeces – either directly or after they are moved up from the lungs by normal clearance of mucus and then swallowed.

Nowadays, with the modern science advances, the mind control could be developed with invasive neurotechnology and brain implants like the cortical modem, brain nanobots and microchips that can control directly the activity of victim neurons stimulating or inhibiting them and thus, control different body’s functions …

The most commonly-cited danger of nanobots is their purported ability to self-replicate. Nanobots aren’t all that useful if you have to manufacture them yourself. If you can make a few and then have them reproduce to make copies of themselves, that’s a far more efficient way of getting enough of them for useful work.

Researchers have turned skin cells into blood vessel tissue to save a mouse’s wounded leg. They were able to do that simply by tapping the wound with a chip that uses nanotechnology to inject new DNA into the cells.

Nanomedicine — the application of nanomaterials and devices for addressing medical problems — has demonstrated great potential for enabling improved diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of many serious illnesses, including cancer, cardiovascular and neurological disorders, HIV/AIDS, and diabetes, as well as many types …

Another Tool in the Nano Toolbox: Berkeley Lab Scientists Use Electron Beam to Manipulate Nanoparticles. Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular scale, holds great promise for everything from incredibly fast computers to chemical sensors that can sniff out cancer cells.

Tissue studies indicate that nanoparticles, engineered materials about a billionth of a meter in size, could damage DNA and lead to cancer, according to research presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research.

Unlike conventional imaging agents and therapeutics, many nanoparticles are highly stable in vivo—exemplified by a recent study suggested that quantum dots may be retained in the body (and remain fluorescent) for more than 100 days [2].

The effects of inhaled nanoparticles in the body may include lung inflammation and heart problems. The pulmonary injury and inflammation resulting from the inhalation of nanosize urban particulate matter appears to be due to the oxidative stress that these particles cause in the cells.

“We have shown that you can control interactions between nanoparticle building blocks, and therefore you now have the ability to create molecular structures with particles which was not previously possible,” says Professor of MSE Michael Bockstaller, a lead author on the study.

Semiconductor nanocrystals present quantum confinement effects, called Q-dots. To control the size and the shape of nanoparticles reverse and normal micelles, bicontinuous and lamellar solutions have been used.

The most effective combination technology is the combination of a non-aqueous freeze-drying process (bottom-up) with high pressure homogenization (top-down). Drug nanoparticles significantly smaller than 100 nm have been produced with this technology (Figure 2) [23].

The colloidal synthetic approach provides versatile tools to control the size and shape of nanoparticles. By using seeds and foreign atoms, specific synthetic environments such as seeded growth and crystal overgrowth can be induced to generate various shaped mono‐ or bi‐metallic, core/shell, or branched nanostructures.

nanoparticle, n—in nanotechnology, a sub-classification of ultrafine particle with lengths in two or three dimensions greater than 0.001 micrometer (1 nanometer) and smaller than about 0.1 micrometer (100 nanometers) and which may or may not exhibit a size-related intensive property.

In general, smaller particles have a relatively large surface area as compared to larger ones; this increases the interaction with biological elements and consequently trigger more toxic and adverse effect.

In the study, they found that there is a negligible relation between the dose enhancement and nanoparticles’ diameter. It was also evident that for high energy photons, the macroscopic dose enhancement is less affected by the diameter of nanoparticles than their concentration.

In addition, nanoparticles can be classified as hard (e.g., titania [titanium dioxide], silica [silica dioxide] particles, and fullerenes) or as soft (e.g., liposomes, vesicles, and nanodroplets).

Nanomaterials are special for several reasons, but for one in particular – their size. Nanomaterials are up to 10 000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. And this tiny size makes them very valuable for all kinds of practical uses.

A nanoparticle is a small particle that ranges between 1 to 100 nanometres in size. Undetectable by the human eye, nanoparticles can exhibit significantly different physical and chemical properties to their larger material counterparts.

Nanoparticles are now being used in the manufacture of scratchproof eyeglasses, crack- resistant paints, anti-graffiti coatings for walls, transparent sunscreens, stain-repellent fabrics, self-cleaning windows and ceramic coatings for solar cells.

2. Techniques for nanoparticle detection

1. Transmission electron microscopy/scanning electron microscopy.
2. Scanning transmission electron microscope.
3. Dynamic light scattering.
4. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
5. X-ray absorption and X-ray fluorescence.
6. X-ray diffraction.
7. X-ray computed microtomography.