Common Cryogenic Liquids: Nitrogen and Helium Nitrogen gas, when cooled, condenses at -195.8 Celsius (77.36 Kelvin) and freezes at -209.86 Celsius (63.17 Kelvin.)

Super cold. At normal atmospheric pressure, liquid helium boils at at temperature of just 4.2 Kelvins (-452.11 Fahrenheit).

Is there anything colder than liquid nitrogen? Yes, there are things colder than liquid nitrogen, like most of the Universe! I assume, though, that you mean things on the Earth….Questions and Answers.

Absolute zero

ice of Antarctica

It turns out that we are most likely in an “ice age” now. So, in fact, the last ice age hasn’t ended yet! Scientists call this ice age the Pleistocene Ice Age. But Earth’s climate doesn’t stay cold during the entire ice age.

Reconstructed proteins from Precambrian organisms have also provided evidence that the ancient world was much warmer than today. However, other evidence suggests that the period of 2,000 to 3,000 million years ago was generally colder and more glaciated than the last 500 million years.

The average temperature on the Moon (at the equator and mid latitudes) varies from -298 degrees Fahrenheit (-183 degrees Celsius), at night, to 224 degrees Fahrenheit (106 degrees Celsius) during the day.

Temperatures on Mars average about -81 degrees F. However, temperature’s range from around -220 degrees F. in the wintertime at the poles, to +70 degrees F.

After the Earth, Mars is the most habitable planet in our solar system due to several reasons: Its soil contains water to extract. It isn’t too cold or too hot. Gravity on Mars is 38% that of our Earth’s, which is believed by many to be sufficient for the human body to adapt to.

Mars was once an Earth-like world. Combined with a thick atmosphere, a magnetic field to shield against radiation, and a variety of organic molecules, Mars had favorable conditions to form and support life as we know it. Mars probably didn’t remain habitable for very long, though.

In 2018, NASA successfully landed the InSight lander on the surface of Mars, re-using Viking-era technology. But this technology cannot afford the ability to land large number of cargoes, habitats, ascent vehicles and humans in case of manned Mars missions in near future.

However, the surface is not hospitable to humans or most known life forms due to the radiation, greatly reduced air pressure, and an atmosphere with only 0.16% oxygen. Human survival on Mars would require living in artificial Mars habitats with complex life-support systems.