Sumerian mathematics The ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia developed a complex system of metrology from 3000 BC. From 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems.

The greatest legacy of Mesopotamia to the world is its scholarly tradition of time calculation and mathematics. Dating around 1800 BCE are tablets with multiplication and division tables, square- and square-root tables, and tables of compound interest. The square root of 2 was given as: 1 + 24/60 + 51/602 + 10/603.

Although they made virtually no contributions to theoretical mathematics, the ancient Romans used applied mathematics in surveying, structural engineering, mechanical engineering, bookkeeping, creation of lunar and solar calendars, and even arts and crafts.

Sumerian math was a sexagesimal system, meaning it was based on the number 60. Over a thousand years, the Sumerian alternating-base method was simplified into the sexagesimal system, with the same symbol standing for 1 or 60 or 3,600, depending on its place in the number, Dr.

Babylonian math has roots in the numeric system started by the Sumerians, a culture that began about 4000 BCE in Mesopotamia, or southern Iraq, according to ​USA Today. When the two groups traded together, they evolved a system based on 60 so both could understand it.” That’s because five multiplied by 12 equals 60.

Kidinnu

Where is Babylon now? In 2019, UNESCO designated Babylon as a World Heritage Site. To visit Babylon today, you have to go to Iraq, 55 miles south of Baghdad. Although Saddam Hussein attempted to revive it during the 1970s, he was ultimately unsuccessful due to regional conflicts and wars.

A Brief History of Pi (π) The ancient Babylonians calculated the area of a circle by taking 3 times the square of its radius, which gave a value of pi = 3. One Babylonian tablet (ca. 1900–1680 BC) indicates a value of 3.125 for π, which is a closer approximation.

Mayans

Blaise Pascal

Pythagorean theorem, the well-known geometric theorem that the sum of the squares on the legs of a right triangle is equal to the square on the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle)—or, in familiar algebraic notation, a2 + b2 = c2.

1900 B.C.

To establish a mathematical statement as a theorem, a proof is required. That is, a valid line of reasoning from the axioms and other already-established theorems to the given statement must be demonstrated. In general, the proof is considered to be separate from the theorem statement itself.

Theorems are what mathematics is all about. A theorem is a statement which has been proved true by a special kind of logical argument called a rigorous proof.

Methods

1. Direct proof.
2. Proof by mathematical induction.
3. Proof by contraposition.
4. Proof by contradiction.
5. Proof by construction.
6. Proof by exhaustion.
7. Probabilistic proof.
8. Combinatorial proof.

As used in modern logic, an axiom is a premise or starting point for reasoning. As used in mathematics, the term axiom is used in two related but distinguishable senses: “logical axioms” and “non-logical axioms”. Any axiom is a statement that serves as a starting point from which other statements are logically derived.

7 axioms of Euclid are:

• Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
• If equals are added to equals,the wholes are equal.
• If equals are subtracted from equals,then the remainders are equal.
• Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.
• The whole is greater than the part.