B cells produce antibodies, which bind to antigens and either block viruses and bacteria from entering cells (neutralizing antibodies) or trigger additional immune defenses.

B cells are the major cell type involved in the humoral immune response. When a foreign antigen (one coming from a pathogen, for example) is detected, B cells in the body that recognize that antigen will begin to produce antibodies as a means of fighting off the foreign invader.

B cells produce antibodies, or Y-shaped chromosomes that are created by the immune system to stop foreign substances from harming the body. B cells have B cell receptors (BCRs) on their surface, which they use to bind to a specific protein.

Actually, B-cells are as important as T-cells and are much more than just a final clean-up crew. They make important molecules called antibodies. These molecules trap specific invading viruses and bacteria. Without this line of defense, your body would not be able to finish fighting most infections.

B cells are at the centre of the adaptive humoral immune system and are responsible for mediating the production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) directed against invasive pathogens (typically known as antibodies).

These strategies might include:

1. eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
2. exercising regularly.
3. maintaining a healthy weight.
4. quitting smoking.
5. drinking alcohol only in moderation.
6. getting enough sleep.
7. avoiding infection through regular hand washing.
8. reducing stress.

15 Foods That Boost the Immune System

• Citrus fruits.
• Red bell peppers.
• Broccoli.
• Garlic.
• Ginger.
• Spinach.
• Yogurt.
• Almonds.

In contrast, interneurons, that work within local circuits, have a short axonal terminal (up to several mm). The longest axons of the human body are those that make up the sciatic nerve where the length can exceed one meter.

That’s partly because sperm cells are so small; they only contain 23 chromosomes in a nucleus, some mitochondria, and a few other parts. But egg cells, or oocytes, are also massive; they are several times the size of an average cell in the body and are around 10,000 times the size of sperm.

That means you could, in theory, see an egg cell with the naked eye. The fact is that egg cells are about 4 times the size of skin cells—and about 20 times the size of sperm!

By contrast, if one egg is fertilised by two sperm it results in three sets of chromosomes, one from the mother and two from the father. “Three sets of chromosomes are typically incompatible with life and embryos do not usually survive,” Michael Gabbett, of Queensland University, said.

It is possible for twins to have different fathers in a phenomenon called heteropaternal superfecundation, which occurs when two of a woman’s eggs are fertilized by sperm from two different men. Identical twins occur if that fertilized egg divides into two separate eggs, early in the pregnancy.

Non-identical, or dizygotic, twins occur when two separate eggs are fertilised, each by a different sperm, and develop in the womb at the same time. If one egg is fertilised by two sperm, it results in three sets of chromosomes, rather than the standard two – one from the mother and two from the father.

Superfecundation twins: When a woman has intercourse with two different men in a short period of time while ovulating, it’s possible for both men to impregnate her separately. In this case, two different sperm impregnate two different eggs.

Her pregnancy was diagnosed as superfetation, a rare condition in which a woman who is already pregnant conceives another baby. Roberts’s pregnancy is one of very few superfetation cases recorded in medical literature, her obstetrician, David Walker, said.

If you have already had unprotected sex with another man, you may be worried his sperm might somehow affect your baby’s looks or DNA. The good news is that this is impossible. Provided your partner is free from STIs, your baby will be perfectly safe, and not affected in any way.