To defend against a phage attack, bacteria have evolved a variety of immune systems. For example, when a bacterium with an immune system known as CRISPR-Cas encounters a phage, the system creates a ‘memory’ of the invader by capturing a small snippet of the phage’s genetic material.

Physical and chemical barriers form the first line of defense when the body is invaded. The skin has thick layer of dead cells in the epidermis which provides a physical barrier. Periodic shedding of the epidermis removes microbes. The mucous membranes produce mucus that trap microbes.

Natural barriers and the immune system defend the body against organisms that can cause infection. (See also Lines of Defense.) Natural barriers include the skin, mucous membranes, tears, earwax, mucus, and stomach acid. Also, the normal flow of urine washes out microorganisms that enter the urinary tract.

The immune system has three lines of defence. The first line of defence is made up of barriers to prevent infection. The second line of defence is made up of responses to infection that apply generally to all pathogens. The third line of defence provides immunity against specific pathogens.

Skin, tears and mucus are part of the first line of defence in fighting infection. They help to protect us against invading pathogens.

Neutrophils. They kill and digest bacteria and fungi. They are the most numerous type of white blood cell and your first line of defense when infection strikes.

The human body has three primary lines of defense to fight against foreign invaders, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. The immune system’s three lines of defense include physical and chemical barriers, non-specific innate responses, and specific adaptive responses.

There are two types of specific defense. These include cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity. Cell-mediated immunity occurs when T-lymphocytes (T-cells) become activated by exposure to pathogens. Activated T-cells then attack pathogens directly.

As part of the inflammatory response, your body increases its production of white blood cells, immune cells, and substances called cytokines that help fight infection.

Vitamin D plays a key role in promoting regulatory T cells, which decide whether to dampen or promote inflammation in the body. This is particularly important in dampening autoimmunity such as Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism, when the immune system attacks body tissue.

Beyond its critical function in calcium homeostasis, vitamin D has recently been found to play an important role in the modulation of the immune/inflammation system via regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting the proliferation of proinflammatory cells, both of which are crucial for the …

Whoever first said “an apple a day keeps the doctor away” was onto something. Research suggests that eating some apple on a daily basis might lower levels of cholesterol as well as C-reactive protein (CRP), a key marker of inflammation in the blood.

Are peanuts inflammatory? The short answer is no, and in fact, peanuts and some peanut products like peanut butter have been shown to be anti-inflammatory. Inflammation in the body is a mechanism thought to be at the center of the majority of chronic diseases.

6 Powerful Teas That Fight Inflammation

• Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.)
• Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum)
• Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
• Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
• Rose hip (Rosa canina)
• Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill)