The volume of larger irregular objects can be measured using a displacement can.

The mass you can measure on a balance or a scale, and the volume is the amount of space the object occupies. You can find the volume of an irregular object by immersing it in water in a beaker or other container with volume markings, and by seeing how much the level goes up.

One way to measure the volume of any irregular object (in your case, a stone) is to submerge it completely under water and measure the change in the height of the water level. This change in the water level (let’s say it goes from 50 mL to 65 mL) indicates that the stone has a volume of 15 mL.

1. Place the stone on the top pan balance and measure its mass.
2. Fill the displacement can until the water is level with the bottom of the pipe.
3. Place a measuring cylinder under the pipe ready to collect the displaced water.

When the stone is placed in the water it displaces some of the water. If the stone doesn’t absorb any of the water then the displaced water has a volume equal to the volume of the stone. The displaced water causes the water level to rise, in your case it rises 11 – 8 = 3 cm.

There are three main categories for stone chemical content. Siliceous stone has as its main element, silica, or silicon dioxide (SiO2). Most stone from volcanoes is siliceous. This type of stone also includes compressed sediments of siliceous stone, like sandstone.

CLASSIFICATION The classification of rocks is based on two criteria, TEXTURE and COMPOSITION. The texture has to do with the sizes and shapes of mineral grains and other constituents in a rock, and how these sizes and shapes relate to each other. Such factors are controlled by the process which formed the rock.

This list of the best rock and mineral identification apps includes apps, which at the time of this writing, are free….Best Rock and Mineral Identification App for 2021

1. Smart Geology- Mineral Guide.
2. Minerals guide: Rocks, Crystals & Gemstones.
3. Geology Rocks – Handbook of Rocks.
4. Geology Toolkit Premium.

There are three kinds of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when molten rock (magma or lava) cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks originate when particles settle out of water or air, or by precipitation of minerals from water.

Most rocks are not uniform throughout. Primary Structures: structures formed before or at the same as material is in the process of becoming rock. For example, formed as magma crystallizes or as sediment accumulates. Secondary Structures: structures imposed on rock after it has already formed.

Igneous rocks appear first on the earth because they are formed by condensation of gas of solar nebula that existed even before the Earth’s rock cycle began.

Gneiss is a type of metamorphic rock with distinct banding due to the presence of differing proportions of minerals in the various bands. Gneiss is medium- to coarse-grained and may contain abundant quartz and feldspar, which some petrographers regard as essential components.