Ions are atoms with extra electrons or missing electrons. When you are missing an electron or two, you have a positive charge. When you have an extra electron or two, you have a negative charge.

An electrical charge is created when electrons are transferred to or removed from an object. Because electrons have a negative charge, when they are added to an object, it becomes negatively charged. When electrons are removed from an object, it becomes positively charged.

An object gets a charge when it is rubbed. This rubbing causes the objects to gain or lose electrons. When it loses electrons it becomes positively charged. When an object gains electrons it becomes negatively charged.

Do they both have to be charged? Take an object with a known charge, either positive or negative, and bring it close to the rod. If the known charged object is positive and it is repelled from the rod, the rod is charged positive. If the positively charged object is attracted to the rod, the rod is negatively charged.

Many fundamental, or subatomic, particles of matter have the property of electric charge. For example, electrons have negative charge and protons have positive charge, but neutrons have zero charge. A negatively charged object has an excess of electrons on its surface.

This method works because each covalent bond that an atom forms adds another electron to an atoms valence shell without changing its charge. The full valence shell for hydrogen is 2 and the number of electrons in bonds is also 2. The difference is zero. Oxygen typically has 4 non-bonding electrons (or 2 lone pairs).

zero

That make the charge experienced by the eighth electron in the second shell equal to (9-2-½(7))=3.5 positive charges. That is sufficient to hold that eighth electron in the second shell. An oxygen nucleus has 8 protons and 8 neutrons. There are two electrons in the first shell.

At standard temperature and pressure (STP), two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2. Oxygen is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetallic element.

Theoretically, yes. By looking at the electronic configuration you can derive the formal charge. Oxygen with no bonds has 6 electrons in the outer shell, and it would like to have eight. Oxygen with four bonds would have four electrons from neighbors, so to get to 8 it needs to shed two of its own six.

There are two types of covalent bonds: polar and nonpolar. Nonpolar covalent bonds form between two atoms of the same element or between different elements that share the electrons equally. For example, an oxygen atom can bond with another oxygen atom to fill their outer shells.

2 covalent bonds

That’s the primary reason that oxygen doesn’t form six bonds (or four bonds either, like ). The only element more electronegative than oxygen is fluorine, which only forms single bonds. Note that nitrogen can have oxidation states all the way up to +5, its number of valence electrons.

Oxygen can form two single bonds because it has six valent electrons on its outer shell. It is easier for an oxygen atom to accept or share two electrons instead of losing all six to become stable (Remember that stability involves having a filled outer shell.

Oxygen has normal valence two, but here it is making three bonds. It is sharing an extra pair of its electrons with carbon to make that third bond. If it is sharing a pair of electrons, we can think of it keeping one for itself and giving the other to carbon.