How it is Graphed: The stress-strain relationship is displayed on an x-y graph, where the y axis (vertical axis) represents stress, and the x axis (horizontal axis) represents strain (as seen in Figure 2). Therefore the stress-strain slope (change in y over change in x) is Stress divided by Strain.

Modulus =(σ2 – σ1) / (ε2 – ε1) where stress (σ) is force divided by the specimen’s cross-sectional area and strain (ε) is the change in length of the material divided by the material’s original gauge length.

The area under the stress-strain curve is called toughness. If the upper limit of integration up to the yield point is restricted, the energy absorbed per unit volume is known as the modulus of resilience.

Its molecules are made up of 60 carbon atoms joined together by strong covalent bonds. There are weak intermolecular forces between molecules of buckminsterfullerene. These need little energy to overcome, so buckminsterfullerene is slippery and has a low melting point.

Their unique molecular structure results in extraordinary macroscopic properties, including high tensile strength, high electrical conductivity, high ductility, high heat conductivity, and relative chemical inactivity (as it is cylindrical and “planar” — that is, it has no “exposed” atoms that can be easily displaced).

Covalent Bonds

Bond Strength Experiments have shown that double bonds are stronger than single bonds, and triple bonds are stronger than double bonds. Therefore, it would take more energy to break the triple bond in N2 compared to the double bond in O2.

ionic bonding

In chemistry, covalent bond is the strongest bond. In such bonding, each of two atoms shares electrons that binds them together. For example, water molecules are bonded together where both hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms share electrons to form a covalent bond.

Similarities between Covalent Bond and Metallic Bond