In 1964, a company called SeaBeam developed a new technology called multibeam echo-sounders [4]. This system allows the echo-sounder to send out a “fan” of pings (called a swath) into the water, which allows us to accurately map a wide strip of the seafloor as the ship travels along (Figure 1).

Here’s how it works. Multibeam sonar signals are sent out from the ship. With about 1500 sonar soundings sent out per second, multibeam “paints” the seafloor in a fanlike pattern. This creates a detailed “sound map” that shows ocean depth, bottom type, and topographic features.

The hull-mounted multibeam transceiver sends out a beam of sound waves (see diagram at right) which are reflected off the seafloor, back to a receiver on the ship. It can map the seafloor at depths of up to 8000 metres. We also use a portable high-resolution shallow water multibeam system (Kongsberg EM3002D).

Multibeam sonar systems were developed to produce more accurate maps of the seafloor. In a multibeam sonar system, the sound energy from the transducer is emitted in the shape of a fan that spreads downward to the seafloor. A multibeam system can measure a swath width between 1.3 and 6 times the water depth.

A nautical chart represents hydrographic data, providing very detailed information on water depths, shoreline, tide predictions, obstructions to navigation such as rocks and shipwrecks, and navigational aids.

Atlantic Ocean

• Hudson Bay. James Bay.
• Baffin Bay.
• Gulf of St. Lawrence.
• Caribbean Sea.
• Gulf of Mexico.
• Sargasso Sea.
• North Sea. Baltic Sea. Gulf of Bothnia.
• Irish Sea.

The Dead Sea is one of those things in life that you must see. The salt content will feel as if someone sprayed your eyes with mace. What some people fail to realize is that the Dead Sea is not a sea at all, it is simply a salt water lake.

The Dead Sea was named the second most dangerous place to swim in Israel. The salt of the Dead Sea also contributes to drowning deaths because even a few swallows of it destroys the electrolyte balance in the body. People poison themselves with salt.

In its basic form, the salt found in the Dead Sea is not edible, since its many minerals, especially magnesium, give it a bitter taste. In order to enhance its natural data, the salt is dissolved, cleaned from its problematic materials, recrystallize, and rinsed again to clean the top layer.

At 9.6 times saltier than the ocean, the Dead Sea is so salty fish can’t swim in it, boats can’t sail on it, and animals can’t survive around it. The film explores the ominous reputation the salty body of water has acquired and shows slow wide-screen nature shots of its surroundings.

Dead Sea Beaches

• Kalia Beach. Kibbutz Kalia operates the northern-most beach at the Dead Sea.
• Biankini Beach. Just south of Kalia Beach is Biankini Beach, a Moroccan-style oasis and holiday resort.
• Neve Midbar Beach.
• Ein Gedi Public Beach.
• Ein Bokek.