Circuit Switching is done by setting a physical path between two systems. In message Switching, data is first stored by one node then forward to another node to transfer the data to another system. In circuit switching, data is not stored. In message Switching, data is first stored, then forwarded to the next node.

An example of a circuit-switched network is an analog telephone network. It contrasts with packet-switched networks, which break the communication into packets and then send those packets through the network independently of one another.

Advantages and Disadvantages It uses a fixed bandwidth. A dedicated communication channel increases the quality of communication. Data is transmitted with a fixed data rate. No waiting time at switches.

Packet switching is used to optimize the use of the channel capacity available in digital telecommunication networks, such as computer networks, and minimize the transmission latency (the time it takes for data to pass across the network), and to increase robustness of communication.

Packet switching is also reliable because it helps to eliminate packet loss. With packet switching, data packets can be resent if they don’t reach their destination. This isn’t the case for circuit switching which doesn’t have the means to send lost packets.

Disadvantages

• They are unsuitable for applications that cannot afford delays in communication like high quality voice calls.
• Packet switching high installation costs.
• They require complex protocols for delivery.
• Network problems may introduce errors in packets, delay in delivery of packets or loss of packets.

Packet switching steps

1. Data split into chunks (packets)
2. Each packet has a from address, to address, and payload (data chunk)
3. If data requires multiple chunks, then the order of each packet is noted.
4. Packets sent onto the network, moving from router to router taking different paths (set by the router).

There are two types of packet switching, connectionless (datagram switching) and connection-oriented (virtual circuit switching). The difference is in how address information is conveyed. The IP protocol provides fragmentation and reassembly of datagrams and error reporting.

Packet switching is easier and more affordable than circuit switching. Since all the bandwidth can be used at once, packet switching is more efficient because it doesn’t have to deal with a limited number of connections that may not be using all that bandwidth.

101 Switching Protocols is a status code that’s used for a server to indicate that the TCP conncection is about to be used for a different protocol. The best example of this is in the WebSocket protocol. WebSocket uses a HTTP handshake when creating the connection, mainly for security reasons.

Routing and Switching are different functions of network communications. The function of Switching is to switch data packets between devices on the same network (or same LAN – Local Area Network). The function of Routing is to Route packets between different networks (between different LANs – Local Area Networks).

There are three types of switching methods: the store-and-forward method, the fragment-free method, and the cut-through method. In all three methods, the first and second phases are the same. In the first phase, the switch receives a frame on one of its ports..

Router protocols include:

• Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
• Interior Gateway Protocol (IGRP)
• Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
• Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
• Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
• Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS)

In various types of network environments (MAN/ WAN), the router works faster compares to Switch. In a LAN environment, a switch is faster than Router. Switches work with MAC addresses as it operates within the confines of a single network. Routers can work within both wired and wireless network situations.

What are the important similarities between switching and routing? Both switches and routers are used to deliver data from a source to a destination. 4.

A WAN differs from a LAN because it is not restricted by geographic location. As opposed to a LAN which connects local devices to each other, a WAN connects LANs to each other, usually across multiple locations as well as individual devices that connect from a remote distance.

Networking is difficult because professionals neglect to foster and maintain their network over time regardless of their employment situation. It should be no surprise that it is difficult to reach out to your network in times of need if you only value your network when you need them.

Star Topology

All data flows in one direction, reducing the chance of packet collisions. A network server is not needed to control network connectivity between each workstation. Data can transfer between workstations at high speeds. Additional workstations can be added without impacting performance of the network.

RSSI Reading Meaning -66 to -90 is critical and will likely cause a loss of functionality or be unable to maintain a usable connection the wifi altogether. -65 to -41 is sufficient. Possible video issues if constantly at -60. -40 or better is virtually no interference and a very strong signal.

Disadvantages of Ring topology :

• Due to the Uni-directional Ring, a data packet (token) must have to pass through all the nodes.
• If one workstation shuts down, it affects whole network or if a node goes down entire network goes down.
• It is slower in performance as compared to the bus topology.
• It is Expensive.