The red kangaroo has a diploid chromosome number of 20 (2n = 18+XY, 2n = 18 + XX). All chromosomes are morphologically distinguishable except chromosomes 8 and 9, which can be differentiated by G-banding (Rofe 1979).

These cells are said to have a diploid number of chromosomes. Each set contains 23 chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes.

gz file containing the chromosome-length (2n=16) assembly of the eastern grey kangaroo genome.

The kidney is derived from the ureteric bud and the metanephrogenic mesenchyme, and these two progenitor cells differentiate into more than 26 different cell types in the adult kidney.

Cells of the Kidney The kidney’s functions in filtration, ion homeostasis, and blood pressure control rely on multiple cell types and anatomical structures. Parietal epithelial cells enclose Bowman’s capsule which directs the filtrate into the nephron tubule.

The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman’s capsule. The renal tubule extends from the capsule. The capsule and tubule are connected and are composed of epithelial cells with a lumen. A healthy adult has 1 to 1.5 million nephrons in each kidney.

When kidneys are failing, the increased concentration and accumulation of substances in urine lead to a darker color which may be brown, red or purple. The color change is due to abnormal protein or sugar, high levels of red and white blood cells, and high numbers of tube-shaped particles called cellular casts.

The functional unit of the kidneys is the nephron. Each human kidney contains approximately 1.2 million nephrons, which are hollow tubes composed of a single cell layer. The nephron consists of a renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct system (Figure 2-2).

Symptoms of Kidney Pain A dull ache that’s usually constant. Pain under your rib cage or in your belly. Pain in your side; usually only one side, but sometimes both hurt. Sharp or severe pain that may come in waves.

One of the best ways to test for CKD and assess kidney damage is a simple urine test which detects the presence of albumin. The smartphone app from Healthy.io enables lay users to conduct a urinalysis test at home and securely share results with their clinicians.

Kidney pain is usually sharp if you have a kidney stone and a dull ache if you have an infection. Most often it will be constant. It won’t get worse with movement or go away by itself without treatment.

Usually, the signs and symptoms of a kidney infection begin to clear up within a few days of treatment. But you might need to continue antibiotics for a week or longer. Take the entire course of antibiotics recommended by your doctor even after you feel better.

Unlike back pain, which usually occurs in the lower back, kidney pain is deeper and higher up the back. The kidneys can be found underneath the ribcage, on each side of the spine. Pain from the kidneys is felt in the sides, or in the middle to upper back (most often under the ribs, to the right or left of the spine).

Sleeping on your side is one of the more common and most supportive positions. If this is your preferred sleeping style, bring your legs toward your chest at a slight angle and place a pillow between your knees. This can help alleviate some of the pressure on your back by preventing the spine from rotating.

In some cases, the symptoms may be very subtle and build up slowly. In other cases, they may come on suddenly, with no early warning signs. This pain can be severe and may lead to nausea or vomiting, or both. People often experience sharp, stabbing pain, and common measures such as rest or lying down do not relieve it.

Using patients as their own internal controls, it was demonstrated that 80% of patients lying in a lateral decubitus position with the left side down had demonstrably increased renal perfusion in the dependent kidney and 90% of patients who lay with their right side down had similar increased perfusion.

Even though lying on your left side may change your heart’s electrical activity, there’s no evidence that it increases your risk of developing a heart condition if you don’t already have one.

Infections are a common cause of kidney pain. A urinary tract infection (UTI) happens in the bladder or urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body). An infection can occur when unhealthy bacteria get into the body. A UTI can spread to one or both kidneys.

Water helps the kidneys remove wastes from your blood in the form of urine. Water also helps keep your blood vessels open so that blood can travel freely to your kidneys, and deliver essential nutrients to them.

Dehydration can cause a build-up of wastes and acids in the body, and it can clog the kidneys with muscle proteins (myoglobin). All these things can hurt the kidneys.

Scarred glomeruli cannot be repaired. Treatment aims to prevent further damage and to avoid dialysis. The best treatment for glomerulosclerosis depends on what caused the scarring. The cause is determined by a kidney biopsy.

In FSGS, the scarring occurs only in some of the glomeruli. And only part of the individual glomeruli is damaged. Untreated, it can lead to kidney failure. In some cases, kidney failure can occur despite treatment.

Kidney scarring, or ‘fibrosis’ is the primary cause of kidney disease and is triggered by factors including diabetes, autoimmune disease and high blood pressure, regular use of certain medications and prolonged infections.

Your kidneys could be damaged if you take large amounts of over-the-counter medications, such as aspirin, naproxen and ibuprofen. None of these medicines should be taken daily or regularly without first talking to your healthcare provider.

What medications to avoid with kidney disease

• Pain medications also known as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
• Cholesterol medications (statins)
• Antibiotic medications.
• Diabetes medications.
• Antacids.
• Herbal supplements and vitamins.
• Contrast dye.

Special renal vitamins are usually prescribed to provide extra water soluble vitamins needed. Renal vitamins contain vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin and a small dose of vitamin C.

Here are some tips to help keep your kidneys healthy.

1. Keep active and fit.
2. Control your blood sugar.
3. Monitor blood pressure.
4. Monitor weight and eat a healthy diet.
5. Drink plenty of fluids.
6. Don’t smoke.
7. Be aware of the amount of OTC pills you take.
8. Have your kidney function tested if you’re at high risk.

Over-the-counter pain medications, like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB), acetaminophen (Tylenol), or naproxen (Aleve), can help you endure the discomfort until the stones pass. Your doctor also may prescribe an alpha blocker, which relaxes the muscles in your ureter and helps pass stones quicker and with less pain.

Symptoms of a Kidney Stone

1. If your stone is located in one of your ureters (the tubes that carry urine from each kidney into the bladder), you’ll likely feel pain in your back.
2. If your stone moves down toward your groin, you’ll usually feel an urgency to urinate, and you’ll urinate often.

But if a stone irritates the bladder wall or blocks the flow of urine, signs and symptoms may include: Lower abdominal pain. Pain during urination. Frequent urination.

His team found that 28 days after visiting an emergency department for any size of kidney stone, 87 percent of patients treated with tamsulosin and nearly 82 percent of those treated with a placebo passed their kidney stones.

Call your doctor if you have any symptoms of kidney stones. Get medical help right away if you have these symptoms, which could indicate that you have an infection or other serious complication: pain so severe that you can’t get comfortable. nausea, vomiting, fever, or chills with the pain.

Muscle relaxants delivered to the ureter can reduce contractions that cause pain when passing a stone.

What are the symptoms of kidney stones? Below are common ones: Severe pain in the side and back, below the ribs. Pain that spreads to the lower abdomen, groin and buttocks.

If it’s a backache, a change of position may momentarily alleviate the pain. With kidney stones, the pain won’t disappear when you move, and some positions may even make it worse.

Your doctor may prescribe allopurinol (Zyloprim, Aloprim) to reduce uric acid levels in your blood and urine and a medicine to keep your urine alkaline. In some cases, allopurinol and an alkalizing agent may dissolve the uric acid stones.