24 chromosomes

Every species has a characteristic number of chromosomes, called the chromosome number. Animals have more chromosomes; plants have fewer.

Chromosomes – Pull up Those Genes They carry all of the information used to help a cell grow, thrive, and reproduce. Chromosomes are made up of DNA. Segments of DNA in specific patterns are called genes.

Plants, like all other known living organisms, pass on their traits using DNA. Plants however are unique from other living organisms in the fact that they have Chloroplasts. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have their own DNA.

The noun ‘milkmaid’ is a gender specific noun for a female who milks cows and performs other jobs at a dairy. The noun ‘milkman’ is a gender specific noun for a male who sells or delivers milk.

‘Hostess’ means a female host, which is the correct feminine form of the noun ‘host’.

Lioness

A poetess is a female poet. Most female poets prefer to be called poets.

: a girl or woman who is a poet.

Among the first known female writers is Enheduanna; she is also the earliest known poet ever recorded. She was the High Priestess of the goddess Inanna and the moon god Nanna (Sin). She lived in the Sumerian city-state of Ur over 4,200 years ago.

The Top 5 Most Famous Female Poets

• Sappho, the lyric poetess.
• Elizabeth Barrett Browning And Romanticism.
• Elizabeth Bishop, The Travelling Poet.
• Gwendolyn Brooks, A Poetic Genius.
• Maya Angelou, The Heart Of Modern America.

Anne Bradstreet

Enheduanna

Enheduanna, the author of a number of hymns dedicated to the priestess Inanna, is a fascinating figure. She was a Sumerian high priestess who lived in the 23rd century BC, around 1,500 years before Homer. Enheduanna lived in the city of Ur (in modern-day Iraq), and was a priestess of the Sumerian moon god Nanna.

Epic of Gilgamesh

Like all living things, apples are composed of cells. Because apples come from trees, the cells that make up the edible tissue of an apple share features with other types of plant cells. A liquid called cytoplasm, made mostly of water, fills the inside of each cell.

The apple genome: lots of genes The apple genome also contained an unusually large number of transposons – short chunks of DNA that can ‘jump around’ within the genome sequence.

Not all apple seeds in an apple have the same DNA. The DNA in apple seeds comes from what sperm joined with which egg in the flower. If the trees are different, the seeds will be as well. Our hypothetical fruit seeds will breed true with another of the same variety but different trees will produce different seeds.

Crush your fruit together with the salt and water – we sliced the apple then blended it together with the water and salt with a hand blender. This starts the process of breaking up the cells. The salt helps to make the DNA come out of solution (precipitate) while keeping other molecules (like proteins) in solution.

The entire genome of apples was sequenced by an Italian-led consortium of scientists in 2010, and the results were stunning: Apples have 57,000 genes, more than any other plant studied to date. Most impressively, apples have far more genes than even humans do, as there are only about 30,000 genes in the human genome.

The average supermarket apple is over a year old In a warehouse setting, they often sit at least 9 to 12 month, and one investigation showed that, on average, apples are 14 months old.

The only apples native to North America are crab apples, which were once called “common apples”. Apple cultivars brought as seed from Europe were spread along Native American trade routes, as well as being cultivated on colonial farms.

Many woody ornamentals and most fruit trees are propagated by grafting. Sometimes the graft union fails, resulting in the main stem breaking off, dieback, poor growth or death of the top part of the plant. In contrast, the root system will often remain alive and may send up suckering shoots.

Disadvantages of grafting and Budding:

• New varieties cannot be developed.
• These are extensive methods of propagation. They require specialized skill.
• The life span of grafted and budded plants is short as compared to seed propagated plants.
• Spread of viral diseases may occur through this method.

In modern horticulture grafting is used for a variety of purposes: to repair injured trees, to produce dwarf trees and shrubs, to strengthen plants’ resistance to certain diseases, to retain varietal characteristics, to adapt varieties to adverse soil or climatic conditions, to ensure pollination, to produce …

In a successful graft you should see the scion plump up. If it still looks somewhat flaccid it’s likely it didn’t take. Others with more experience will hopefully chime in.

Grafting Can Be Difficult or Finicky Grafting is not a perfect process, and many reasons exist why a graft may fail. Most grafting is done in the spring, when the scion is still lying dormant from the winter and, thus, won’t die after being removed from the plant.

For successful grafting to take place, the vascular cambium tissues of the stock and scion plants must be placed in contact with each other. Both tissues must be kept alive until the graft has “taken”, usually a period of a few weeks.

Cleft Graft One of the simplest and most popular forms of grafting, cleft grafting (Figure 2), is a method for top working both flowering and fruiting trees (apples, cherries, pears, and peaches) in order to change varieties. Cleft grafting is also used to propagate varieties of camellias that are difficult to root.

Coding tip: Note the three types of skin grafts

• Autograft-using the patient’s own skin.
• Allograft-using skin obtained from another person.
• Xenograft-free skin grafts obtained from a non-human source (usually a pig)

(2002) described five important elements: (1) The rootstock and scion must be compatible; (2) the vascular cambium of the scion must be placed in intimate contact with that of the rootstock; (3) the grafting operation must be done at the time when the rootstock and scion are in the proper physiological stage; (4) …