Conifers like the spruce, cedar, and pine tree are gymnosperms and have seeds on cones. Most coniferous trees are evergreen and are specially adapted to survive in areas with lots of snow. Many are cone-shaped to help snow slide off them so their branches won’t break.

Most gymnosperms are evergreen. Gymnosperms include conifers, cycads and the ginkgo.

Gymnosperms usually have needles that stay green throughout the year. Examples are pines, cedars, spruces, and firs.

Gymnosperms are woody plants, either shrubs, trees, or, rarely, vines (some gnetophytes). They differ from flowering plants in that the seeds are not enclosed in an ovary but are exposed within any of a variety of structures, the most familiar being cones.

–Gymnosperms are a taxonomic class that includes plants whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovule (like a pine cone). –Angiosperms are a taxonomic class of plants in which the mature seed is surrounded by the ovule (think of an apple). This group is often referred to as hardwoods.

Summary: Scientists have discovered the evolutionary step which allowed flowering plants to become the most abundant and ecologically successful group of plants on Earth. Their results revealed that an evolutionary transformation in the plumbing of angiosperm leaves pushed photosynthetic capacity to new heights.

Because angiosperms photosynthesize so much, they are some of the best oxygen makers around. Angiosperms have been so successful because of their compact DNA and cells. Angiosperms – you are one magnificent bunch of plants. Flowering plants are able to survive in a greater variety of habitats than gymnosperms.

Bryophytes all reproduce using spores rather than seeds and don’t produce wood, fruit or flowers.

Primitive bryophytes like mosses and liverworts are so small that they can rely on diffusion to move water in and out of the plant. Their flagellated sperm must swim through water to reach the egg. So mosses and liverworts are restricted to moist habitats.

Organisms 2 and 3 are most closely related because they have the same family name.

Two species are more related if they have a more recent common ancestor, and less related if they have a less recent common ancestor.

Summary. Like all living organisms, plants use deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material. The DNA in plant cells is found in the nucleus, the mitochondria and the chloroplasts. DNA is a coded set of instructions for making RNA.