electromagnetic radiation, such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma radiation (γ) particle radiation, such as alpha radiation (α), beta radiation (β), proton radiation and neutron radiation (particles of non-zero rest energy)

Being composed of charged particles, beta radiation is more strongly ionizing than gamma radiation. When passing through matter, a beta particle is decelerated by electromagnetic interactions and may give off bremsstrahlung x-rays.

The alpha particles were found to be identical with the nuclei of helium atoms, and the beta rays were identified as electrons. In 1912 it was shown that the much more penetrating gamma rays have all the properties of very energetic electromagnetic radiation, or photons.

X-rays and gamma rays are forms of electromagnetic radiation that do not differ in nature or properties; the designation of x or gamma reflects the way in which they are produced.

The EM spectrum is generally divided into seven regions, in order of decreasing wavelength and increasing energy and frequency. The common designations are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV), X-rays and gamma rays.

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation is a form of energy propagated through free space or through a material medium in the form of electromagnetic waves. ✓ Electromagnetic radiation has the dual nature: its exhibits wave properties and particulate (photon) properties.

The atom is the source of all forms of electromagnetic radiation, whether visible or invisible. Radiation having lower energy, such as ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light, as well as radio and microwaves, originate from the electron clouds that surround the nucleus or the interaction of one atom with another.

Electromagnetism has important scientific and technological applications. It is used in many electrical appliances to generate desired magnetic fields. It is even used in a electric generator to produce magnetic fields for electromagnetic induction to occur.

Light is a transverse, electromagnetic wave that can be seen by the typical human. The wave nature of light was first illustrated through experiments on diffraction and interference. Like all electromagnetic waves, light can travel through a vacuum.

There are 7 basic properties of light :

• Reflection of light.
• Refraction of light.
• Diffraction of light.
• Interference of light.
• Polarization of light.
• Dispersion of light.
• Scattering of light.

physicist James Clerk Maxwell

Visible light is carried by photons, and so are all the other kinds of electromagnetic radiation like X-rays, microwaves and radio waves. In other words, light is a particle.

• Electromagnetic waves are propagated by oscillating electric fields and magnetic field oscillation at right angles to each other.
• These waves travel with speed 3×108ms−1 in vacuum.
• They are not deflected by electric or magnetic field.
• They can show interference or diffraction.
• They are transverse waves.

Gamma rays have the highest energies, the shortest wavelengths, and the highest frequencies.

Light Is Also a Particle! Einstein believed light is a particle (photon) and the flow of photons is a wave. The main point of Einstein’s light quantum theory is that light’s energy is related to its oscillation frequency.

Light behaves mainly like a wave but it can also be considered to consist of tiny packages of energy called photons. Photons carry a fixed amount of energy but have no mass. They also found that increasing the intensity of light increased the number of electrons ejected, but not their speed. …

The explanation is very simple: the packets of energy are very tiny, so tiny that you don’t notice the bumps. Einstein thought “If energy comes in packets, then light could come in packets too!”, he called this packets photons and now everything made sense.

Time is always a 1-dimensional quantity in this case. This finding suggests that there is something very fundamental about space and time which we have not yet discovered. “The redshifted light we observe is consists of photons, discrete ‘particles’ of light energy.

Based on these two insights, Bohr argued that a quantum theory can never explain classical physics. Some physicists argue that we just haven’t worked hard enough, and that we do fundamentally live in a quantum world, and that we can reproduce classical physics from purely quantum rules.

Because photons are discrete particles, they have a certain amount of energy, but not a wavelength because they are not waves. Before that, Isaac Newton had claimed that light was really a stream of particles, but he did not have much evidence. Young made a clear case by demonstrating that light interferes with itself.

An obvious question, then, would be: is time divided up into discrete quanta? According to quantum mechanics, the answer appears to be “no”, and time appears to be in fact smooth and continuous (contrary to common belief, not everything in quantum theory is quantized).

Time’s dimension is a line going from the past to present to future. Thus, time as the fourth dimension locates an object’s position at a particular moment.

The present In this way time is said to pass, with a distinct present moment “moving” forward into the future and leaving the past behind. The past and future do not exist and are only concepts used to describe the real, isolated, and changing present.

Isaac Newton said that we are merely occupying time, he also says that humans can only understand relative time. Relative time is a measurement of objects in motion. The anti-realists believed that time is merely a convenient intellectual concept for humans to understand events. Time is not an empirical concept.

The concept of time is simply an illusion made up of human memories, everything that has ever been and ever will be is happening right now. That is the theory according to a group of esteemed scientists who aim to solve one of the universe’s mysteries.

ACCORDING TO archaeological evidence, the Babylonians and Egyptians began to measure time at least 5,000 years ago, introducing calendars to organize and coordinate communal activities and public events, to schedule the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate cycles of planting and harvesting.

The world as we know it has three dimensions of space—length, width and depth—and one dimension of time. But there’s the mind-bending possibility that many more dimensions exist out there. According to string theory, one of the leading physics model of the last half century, the universe operates with 10 dimensions.

There could be an infinite number of dimensions. But as it turns out, at least for SST, 10 dimensions work for fermions and 26 dimensions work for bosons. Remember that a particle is defined by the particular vibrational pattern is has and that pattern is defined by the shape of the space in which it vibrates.

In the seventh dimension, you have access to the possible worlds that start with different initial conditions. The eighth dimension again gives us a plane of such possible universe histories, each of which begins with different initial conditions and branches out infinitely (hence why they are called infinities).

two dimensions