There were 35 patients with bacterial nosocomial infection, (7% of all the bacterial positive cases). Nosocomial rotavirus gastroenteritis was 3.4 times more frequent than nosocomial gastroenteritis due to bacterial pathogens.

The infectious causes of diarrhea in the hospital are most commonly due to Clostridium difficile in contrast to community-acquired diarrheal pathogens (i.e., entero-, toxogenic, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter).

Nosocomial infections also referred to as healthcare-associated infections (HAI), are infection(s) acquired during the process of receiving health care that was not present during the time of admission.

Hospital-acquired infections, also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAI), are nosocomially acquired infections that are typically not present or might be incubating at the time of admission. These infections are usually acquired after hospitalization and manifest 48 hours after admission to the hospital.

Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) CAUTI is the most usual type of nosocomial infection globally [11]. According to acute care hospital stats in 2011, UTIs account for more than 12% of reported infections [12].

Urinary catheters Pathogens spread through an individual’s perineum or a contaminated urinary catheter can lead to urinary tract infections, which are the most common nosocomial infections.

Hospital-acquired infections are caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens; the most common types are bloodstream infection (BSI), pneumonia (eg, ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP]), urinary tract infection (UTI), and surgical site infection (SSI).

Certain underlying diseases, procedures, hospital services, and categories of age, sex, race, and urgency of admission were all found to be significant risk factors for nosocomial infection.

In American hospitals alone, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that HAIs account for an estimated 1.7 million infections and 99,000 associated deaths each year.

Box 2: Practical methods for preventing nosocomial infection

1. Hand washing: as often as possible. use of alcoholic hand spray.
2. Stethoscope: cleaning with an alcohol swab at least daily.
3. Gloves: supplement rather than replace hand washing.
4. Intravenous catheter: thorough disinfection of skin before insertion.

A nosocomial infection is contracted because of an infection or toxin that exists in a certain location, such as a hospital. People now use nosocomial infections interchangeably with the terms health-care associated infections (HAIs) and hospital-acquired infections.

Nosocomial infections, that develop as a result of a stay in hospital or are produced by micro-organisms and viruses acquired during hospitalisation may have several different transmission routes: contact, droplet, air, water, food, or disease vector carrying and transmitting an infectious pathogen, or blood.

The transmission of microorganisms can be divided into the following five main routes: direct contact, fomites, aerosol (airborne), oral (ingestion), and vectorborne. Some microorganisms can be transmitted by more than one route.

Nosocomial Infections A nosocomial infection is one that is hospital acquired. These infections can have significant morbidity and mortality and have a large financial impact on hospital resources. They lead to increased stay length of infected patients, resulting in decreased total throughput of patients.

The three major types of germs we usually hear about are bacteria, viruses, and fungi. A fourth type called protozoa, is a type of parasite. There are other groups of parasites that can also cause infections.

13 most common healthcare-associated infections

• Pneumonia: 21.8 percent of all healthcare-associated infections.
• Surgical-site infection: 21.8 percent.
• Gastrointestinal infection: 17.1 percent.
• Urinary tract infection: 12.9 percent.
• Primary bloodstream infections: 9.9 percent.

The full name of MRSA is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. You might have heard it called a “superbug”. MRSA infections mainly affect people who are staying in hospital.