Liquids Solids and Gases:

Liquids have the following characteristics: no definite shape (takes the shape of its container) has definite volume.

gas

Understand sublimation, where a substance changes directly from solid to gas without going through the liquid state of matter. Sublimation is the conversion of a substance from the solid to the gaseous state without its becoming liquid.

All liquids show the following characteristics:

• Liquids are almost incompressible. In liquids molecules are pretty close to each other.
• Liquids have fixed volume but no fixed shape.
• Liquids flow from higher to lower level.
• Liquids have their boiling points above room temperature, under normal conditions.

Most of the elements of the periodic table are solids, a few are gases, and there are only two liquid elements at room temperature and pressure. A total of six liquid elements exist between room temperature and body temperature.

The attraction between the particles in a liquid keeps the volume of the liquid constant. The movement of the particles causes the liquid to be variable in shape. Liquids will flow and fill the lowest portion of a container, taking on the shape of the container but not changing in volume.

Liquid nitrogen is the liquefied form of the element nitrogen that’s produced commercially by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Like nitrogen gas, it consists of two nitrogen atoms sharing covalent bonds (N2). Sometimes liquid nitrogen is denoted as LN2, LN, or LIN.

Liquids do not have definite shape, but they do have definite mass and volume. Liquids are similar to solids because their atoms are close together, but what makes a liquid different is that those atoms can move around.

An apple is one example of a solid.

Liquids and solids are both held together by strong intermolecular forces and are much more dense than gases, leading to their description as “condensed matter” phases because they are both relatively incompressible.

The process of a solid becoming a liquid is called melting. (an older term that you may see sometimes is fusion). The opposite process, a liquid becoming a solid, is called solidification.

Gases have three characteristic properties: (1) they are easy to compress, (2) they expand to fill their containers, and (3) they occupy far more space than the liquids or solids from which they form.

Answer. Gas particles spread out to fill a container evenly, unlike solids and liquids. When more gas particles enter a container, there is less space for the particles to spread out, and they become compressed. The particles exert more force on the interior volume of the container.

The factor “R” in the ideal gas law equation is known as the “gas constant”. R = PV. nT. The pressure times the volume of a gas divided by the number of moles and temperature of the gas is always equal to a constant number.

The relationship for Boyle’s Law can be expressed as follows: P1V1 = P2V2, where P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume values, and P2 and V2 are the values of the pressure and volume of the gas after change.

Answer: Boyle’s law states the inverse relationship between pressure and volume of a gas when the temperature is held constant. At an extremely high temperature the gases in question will turn to plasma. Boyle’s law works, however, as long as the temperature range allows the gas to remain a gas.

For most gases there is a linear relationship between temperature and pressure (see gas laws), i.e., gases contract indefinitely as the temperature is decreased. Theoretically, at absolute zero the volume of an ideal gas would be zero and all molecular motion would cease.

From the graph, you can see a leveling off of the volume at this point. As the temperature continues to decrease, the gas can turn into solid. From the graph, the volume of gas can never become zero. However, in real life, gas is matter and matter occupies space (volume), therefore, volume of gas can never become zero.