Capitalize only the first word of a book or article title. Capitalize proper nouns, initials, and acronyms in a title. Separate a subtitle with a colon and a space. Capitalize every major word in a journal or newspaper title, do not capitalize articles (i.e. a, and, the) unless they are the first word of the title.

Capitalization in Titles According to most style guides, nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are the only words capitalized in titles of books, articles, and songs. Prepositions, articles, and conjunctions aren’t capitalized (unless they’re the first or last word).

APA 7th Edition Citation Examples: Titles Do not capitalize the rest (see examples below). All major words in periodical titles should be capitalized (for example, Psychology Today, Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved.)

No author: Cite the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter, and italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or report. Examples: From the book Study Guide (2000) or (“Reading,” 1999).

The references are to be alphabetized by the fist author’s last name, or (if no author is listed) the organization or title. If you cite more than one paper by the same first author, sort them by year of publication, earliest year first. Do not use footnotes for citations.

Use reference books (also called reference or background sources, or resources) to get quick specific facts or information or an overview of a subject. Some examples of reference sources are: dictionaries, encyclopedias, bibliographies, almanacs, directories, atlases, and handbooks. These can be online or in print.

The most familiar types are dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, biographical sources, directories, atlases, and bibliographies.

Reference Materials

• Dictionaries (both language and topical)
• Encyclopedias.
• Bibliographies (lists of resources on a specific topic)
• Research handbooks and guides.
• Catalogs.
• Atlases and maps.
• Directories.

Reference sources can be a great place to start your research because they provide quick, authoritative introductions to a topic. They offer summarized, factual information in a clear and organized way. Common reference sources that provide this type of information are encyclopedias and dictionaries.

Information Literacy: Identifying Type of References

1. Which Topic ?
2. Find the Context.
3. Find Books.
4. Find Articles in Journals, Newspapers, Magazines.
5. Find Internet Sources.
6. Evaluate what you find.
7. Cite what you find.

There are (3) major citation styles used in academic writing:

• Modern Language Association (MLA)
• American Psychological Association (APA)
• Chicago, which supports two styles: Notes and Bibliography. Author-Date.

What types of references are important?

• Employment references include past employers, co-workers, subordinates, or clients.
• Professional references are people who know you on a professional basis.
• Academic references are instructors and vocational counselors.

Harvard (Author-Date) style The Harvard referencing style is another popular style using the author-date system for in-text citations. In-text citation: It consists mainly of the authors’ last name and the year of publication (and page numbers if it is directly quoted) in round brackets placed within the text.

When writing a reference list in Harvard style:

1. Arrange the list alphabetically by author’s surname.
2. Sort the Swedish letters ä – ö – å like you sort the Norwegian letters æ – ø – å
3. Start the reference list on a new page.
4. Include the edition if it is specified in the publication.

Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Chapter title’, in Editor name (ed(s).) Book title. City: Publisher, page range.

Referencing styles. There are four widely-used referencing styles or conventions. They are called the MLA (Modern Languages Association) system, the APA (American Psychological Association) system, the Harvard system, and the MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association) system.

APA referencing is a variant on Harvard style. Most of the conventions are the same, with brief author-date citations in brackets in the body of the text and full citations in the reference list. It is usual to include a reference list only rather than a bibliography in APA style.

Domain: The major difference between the referencing styles is through its domain. The MLA citation format as depicted by the name is predominantly used in the realms of arts and humanities. However, the Harvard referencing style is used in the humanities and natural or social sciences.

For in-text citation, the easiest method is to parenthetically give the author’s last name and the year of publication, e.g., (Clarke 2001), but the exact way you cite will depend on the specific type of style guide you follow.

APA style is the most common referencing style, but different schools, departments, and lecturers may have their own requirements.

• APA style is commonly used in Education, Business, and some Social Sciences and Humanities disciplines.
• MLA style is often used in English and Media Studies.

Basic format to reference journal articles

1. Author or authors.
2. Year of publication of the article (in round brackets).
3. Article title.
4. Journal title (in italics).
5. Volume of journal (in italics).
6. Issue number of journal in round brackets (no italics).
7. Page range of article.
8. DOI or URL.

Basic format to reference a book

1. Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.
2. Year of publication of the book (in round brackets).
3. Book title (in italics).
4. Edition (in round brackets), if other than first.
5. Publisher.
6. DOI.
7. The first line of each citation is left adjusted.

Author’s Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Edition, Publisher, Year of print publication.

Citing a Book Chapter: Print Version

1. General Format:
2. In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
3. (Author’s Last Name of Chapter, year)
4. In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):
5. (Author’s Last Name of Chapter, year, page number)
6. References:
7. Chapter Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Chapter or article title.
8. Examples: