To determine how the Moon formed, scientists had to account for several lines of evidence: The Moon is large; not much smaller than the smallest planet, Mercury. Earth and Moon are very similar in composition. Moon’s surface is 4.5 billion years old, about the same as the age of the solar system.

(In the graphic: Ga means “billion years ago”; Ma, “million years ago”.) Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago, approximately one-third the age of the universe, by accretion from the solar nebula.

Debris blown into space around Earth formed our Moon. 4.2 Billion Years Ago Earth’s Early Atmosphere and Oceans: Volcanos spewed gases — including water vapor and carbon dioxide— into the atmosphere. When the Earth’s surface cooled down enough the water vapor condensed as liquid water to form our oceans.

What did Earth look like 3.2 billion years ago? New evidence suggests the planet was covered by a vast ocean and had no continents at all. Continents appeared later, as plate tectonics thrust enormous, rocky land masses upward to breach the sea surfaces, scientists recently reported.

The first human ancestors appeared between five million and seven million years ago, probably when some apelike creatures in Africa began to walk habitually on two legs. When, and where, was human culture born? ”It’s the hot issue, and we all have different positions,” said Dr.

Sarah was childless until she was 90 years old. God promised Abraham that she would be “a mother of nations” (Genesis 17:16) and that she would conceive and bear a son, but Sarah did not believe. Isaac, born to Sarah and Abraham in their old age, was the fulfillment of God’s promise to them.

Enoch and Elijah are said in scripture to have been taken into heaven while still alive and not experiencing physical death.

A Divine Consistency Proof for Mathematics — A submitted work by Harvey Friedman showing that if God exists (in the sense of Gödel), then Mathematics, as formalized by the usual ZFC axioms, is consistent.

In brief, Gödel’s Theorem says that in any axiomatic mathematical system that is sufficiently rich to do elementary arithmetic, there will be some statements that are true but cannot be proved (from the axioms). In technical terminology, the axiom system must be incomplete.

A scientist has calculated that there is a 67% chance that God exists. Dr Stephen Unwin has used a 200-year-old formula to calculate the probability of the existence of an omnipotent being.

Kurt Gödel’s incompleteness theorem demonstrates that mathematics contains true statements that cannot be proved. His proof achieves this by constructing paradoxical mathematical statements. Strictly speaking, his proof does not show that mathematics is incomplete.

In the formal system it is possible to construct a number whose matching statement, when interpreted, is self-referential and essentially says that it (i.e. the statement itself) is unprovable. This is done using a technique called “diagonalization” (so-called because of its origins as Cantor’s diagonal argument).

The proof of Gödel’s incompleteness theorem just sketched is proof-theoretic (also called syntactic) in that it shows that if certain proofs exist (a proof of P(G(P)) or its negation) then they can be manipulated to produce a proof of a contradiction.

In contrast, on the description theory of names, for every world w at which exactly one person discovered incompleteness, ‘Gödel’ refers to the person who discovered incompleteness at w—there is no guarantee that this will always be the same person.

Later life and death Later in his life, Gödel suffered periods of mental instability and illness. Following the assassination of his close friend Moritz Schlick, Gödel had an obsessive fear of being poisoned; he would eat only food that his wife, Adele, prepared for him.

Gödel’s second incompleteness theorem concerns the limits of consistency proofs. A rough statement is: Second incompleteness theorem. For any consistent system /(F/) within which a certain amount of elementary arithmetic can be carried out, the consistency of /(F/) cannot be proved in /(F/) itself.

In mathematics, informal logic and argument mapping, a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is a generally minor, proven proposition which is used as a stepping stone to a larger result.