The Golgi tendon organ (GTO) (also called Golgi organ, tendon organ, neurotendinous organ or neurotendinous spindle) is a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that senses changes in muscle tension It lies at the origins and insertion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle

Sensors in the tendon, the Golgi tendon organ, are activated upon stretch of the tendon, which requires considerable force These sensors synapse on interneurons in the spinal cord that inhibit further activity of the motor neurons innervating the muscle This relaxation of the muscle prevents damage from excess force

The Golgi Tendon Organ is a proprioceptive receptor that is located within the tendons found on each end of a muscle It responds to increased muscle tension or contraction as exerted on the tendon, by inhibiting further muscle contraction

GTO Release This technique uses static bowing, rhythmic pressure or muscle approximation on tendons and muscle attachment points to affect the Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) When applied during treatment, with firm pressure for 30 seconds, your muscles relax to reduce tone and spasm

The tendon organ consists simply of an afferent nerve fibre that terminates in a number of branches upon slips of tendon where the tendons join onto muscle fibres By lying in series with muscle, the tendon organ is well placed to signal muscular…

PNF is a stretching technique utilized to increase ROM and flexibility PNF increases ROM by increasing the length of the muscle and increasing neuromuscular efficiency PNF stretching has been found to increase ROM in trained, as well as untrained, individuals

The Golgi tendon reflex (also called inverse stretch reflex, autogenic inhibition, tendon reflex) is an inhibitory effect on the muscle resulting from the muscle tension stimulating Golgi tendon organs (GTO) of the muscle, and hence it is self-induced

Knee-jerk reflex, also called patellar reflex, sudden kicking movement of the lower leg in response to a sharp tap on the patellar tendon, which lies just below the kneecap

When the Golgi tendon organ is excited for a prolonged period of time (at least 30 seconds according to National Academy of Sports Medicine), it provides an inhibitory effect to muscle spindles, which are trying to contract the muscle১৯ জানু, ২০১৬

GTOs sense muscular tension within muscles when they contract or are stretched When the GTO is activated during contraction, it causes inhibition of the contraction (autogenic inhibition), which is an automatic reflex২ মে, ২০১৭

The path taken by the nerve impulses in a reflex is called a reflex arc In higher animals, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord Reflexes do not require involvement of the brain, although in some cases the brain can prevent reflex action

Spinal reflexes contribute to normal muscle tone and mediate a number of simple motor responses (eg withdrawal from a painful stimulus) The spinal cord also contains more complex neuronal networks called central pattern generators (CPGs)

Spinal reflexes are investigator-evoked artifacts arising from connections of stretch receptors in the muscle or nociceptors in the skin that activate a spinal motor neurons to evoke contractions/twitches in particular somatic muscles (eg, the quadriceps muscle in a patellar tendon reflex)

The knee jerk is an example of the simplest type of reflex When the knee is tapped, the nerve that receives this stimulus sends an impulse to the spinal cord, where it is relayed to a motor nerve This reflex, or simple reflex arc, involves only two nerves and one synapse

The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex It is also a center for coordinating many reflexes and contains reflex arcs that can independently control reflexes

There are three common somatic reflexes discussed in most anatomy and physiology courses

• Stretch (knee-jerk, patellar) reflex
• Withdrawal (flexor) reflex
• Crossed-extensor reflex

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Polysynaptic reflexes are slower than monosynaptic reflexes for 2 reasons: This specific type of sensory fiber that carries in the information in the dorsal root for monosynaptic reflexes is very large, fast, heavily myelinated fibers They conduct faster

The knee jerk reflex (seen in the figure to the right) is called a monosynaptic reflex because there is only one synapse in the circuit needed to complete the reflex It only takes about 50 milliseconds between the tap and the start of the leg kick The tap below the knee causes the thigh muscle to stretch

A conditioned reflex, also called an acquired reflex, is an automatic response to a stimulus that differs from that initially causing the response, but that has become associated with it by repetition, in a process known as classical conditioning২৩ মার্চ, ২০১৭

In our discussion we will examine four major reflexes that are integrated within the spinal cord: the stretch reflex, the Golgi tendon reflex, the withdrawal reflex and the crossed extensor reflex

A few examples of reflex action are: When light acts as a stimulus, the pupil of the eye changes in size Sudden jerky withdrawal of hand or leg when pricked by a pin Coughing or sneezing, because of irritants in the nasal passages