Photosynthesis takes place in two stages: light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. Light-dependent reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, use light energy to make ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle, which takes place in the stroma, uses energy derived from these compounds to make GA3P from CO2.

It is convenient to divide the photosynthetic process in plants into four stages, each occurring in a defined area of the chloroplast: (1) absorption of light, (2) electron transport leading to the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH, (3) generation of ATP, and (4) conversion of CO2 into carbohydrates (carbon fixation).

Photosystem I (PS I) and photosystem II (PS II) are two multi-subunit membrane-protein complexes involved in oxygenic photosynthesis. The main difference between photosystem 1 and 2 is that PS I absorbs longer wavelengths of light (>680 nm) whereas PS II absorbs shorter wavelengths of light (<680 nm).

C4 plants are more efficient than C3 due to their high rate of photosynthesis and reduced rate of photorespiration. The main enzyme of carbon fixation (Calvin cycle) is RuBisCO, i.e. ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase. It has an affinity for both CO2 and O2.

Oxygen can bind to Rubisco instead of carbon dioxide, and through a process called photorespiration, oxygen reduces C3 plant photosynthetic efficiency and water use efficiency. As a result in high light and temperature environments, C4 plants tend to be more productive than C3 plants.

The short-term response of Arabidopsis thaliana (C3) and Zea mays (C4) chloroplasts to red and far red light.

Photosynthesis in Higher Plants. How is C4 pathway more energy expensive that C3 ? C3 Cycle needs 18 ATP molecules for synthesis of one molecule of glucose whereas the C4 cycle needs 30 ATP molecules. Due to high energy requirement C4 cycle is more energy expensive than the C3 cycle.

Photorespiration does not occur in C4 plants. This is because they have a mechanism which increases the CO2 concentration at the site of the enzyme. This happens when the mesophyll C4 acid is broken down in the bundle sheath cells to release CO2 this results in an increase in the intracellular CO2 concentration.

C4C4 plants are special. They have a special type of leaf anatomy (Kranz anatomy), they toletrate higher her temperatures, they show a response to high light intensities, they lack a process called photorespiration and have greater productivity of biomass.

C4 plants are so called because the first product of CO2 fixation is a C4 organic acid, oxaloacetate, formed by the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by PEP carboxylase. The oxaloacetate is converted to other C4 acids (malate or aspartate) and transferred to the bundle sheath.

Crabgrass species are often very competitive because they are C4 type (warm season) plants.

So according to this article the banana has C3 photosynthesis. Although many other monocot species do exhibit C4 photosynthesis (and C4 photosynthsis does seem to have evolved independently multiple times)2, the banana family, Musaceae, consists of C3 plants3.

Tomato (C3-plants) and maize (C4-plants) were grown in a nutrient solution to which triacontanol was added twice a week. The difference in the response of C3- and C4-plants to triacontanol indicates that it regulates processes related to photosynthesis.

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Most plants, including plants used in agriculture, are C3 plants. This includes lemon trees (virtually all trees, in fact), sugar beets, and potatoes. Corn and surgarcane are C4 plants.

C4 plants such as maize, sorghum, and sugarcane, approximately have 50% higher photosynthesis efficiency than those of C3 plants such as rice, wheat, and potato [1].