Measurement of Heating Value There are two basic types of calorimeters: a steady-flow calorimeter to measure the heating value of gaseous fuels and the bomb calorimeter (constant-volume) for use with liquid and solid fuels.

One of the best instruments for measuring the calorific value of powdered and liquid fuels is the bomb calorimeter. The fuel is burnt in a strong steel chamber, known as a bomb which is immersed in a known mass of water.

Junker’s calorimeter

The calorific value of fuel can be defined as the amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of one unit of any fuel. Therefore, the calorific value for them will be measured in Kilocalorie per Kilogram and Kilocalorie per Litre, respectively.

Calorific value is the amount of energy released or produced when 1 kg of fuel burns or any other substance is burnt in the presence of oxygen and the products of combustion are cooled to STP. Its SI unit is kJ/kg.

hydrogen

H2 has the lowest calorific value.

Calorific Value of Fuel

Why Natural Gas is the Clean Fuel of Choice Compared with some other fossil fuels, natural gas emits the least amount of carbon dioxide into the air when combusted — making natural gas the cleanest burning fossil fuel of all.

Examples of clean fuels include most types of ethanol, biodiesel, natural gas, biogas,electricity, propane and hydrogen.

Led by partners Atty. Bong Suntay, Ralph Atienza and Saymour Go, Cleanfuel has grown at an unprecedented rate, and now has numerous stations all over Luzon selling not only Auto LPG; but also quality Diesel and 91/95 octane premium fuels for less.

Coke is a better fuel than coal because; -Coke produces more heat on burning than coal. -Coke has a higher calorific value than coal. When equal masses of coke and coal are burnt, coke produces more heat.

Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. The carbon monoxide produced by its combustion reduces iron oxide (hematite) to the iron product. Although coke is more expensive than coal, it can be used in households as a clean fuel, relatively free of smoke and impurities.

Coking coal

Coke is a better fuel because coke produces more heat on burning as compared to coal. Coke has higher calorific value than coal. When equal masses of coke and coal are bunt, coke produces more heat.

Such organisms and their resulting fossil fuels typically have an age of millions of years, and sometimes more than 650 million years. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural gas.

Petroleum is the better fuel than the coal fuel:1. You can’t run all vehicles on coal, but do the same with petroleum products. 2. Comparatively emission is less with petroleum products.

Coke is a grey, hard, and porous fuel with a high carbon content and few impurities, made by heating coal or oil in the absence of air—a destructive distillation process. It is an important industrial product, used mainly in iron ore smelting, but also as a fuel in stoves and forges when air pollution is a concern.

Octane number, also called Antiknock Rating, measure of the ability of a fuel to resist knocking when ignited in a mixture with air in the cylinder of an internal-combustion engine.

Coal gas, gaseous mixture—mainly hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide—formed by the destructive distillation (i.e., heating in the absence of air) of bituminous coal and used as a fuel. Sometimes steam is added to react with the hot coke, thus increasing the yield of gas.

Coal tar is used primarily for the production of refined chemicals and coal-tar products, such as creosote and coal-tar pitch. Certain preparations of coal tar have long been used to treat various skin conditions, such as eczema, psoriasis, and dandruff.

Coal tar is used in medicated shampoo, soap and ointment. It demonstrates antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-itch, and antiparasitic properties. It may be applied topically as a treatment for dandruff and psoriasis, and to kill and repel head lice.

It is also used in making fuel gases like water gas and producer gas. (2) Coal tar (liquid): Coal tar is a mixture of different carbon compounds. It thick, black liquid with unpleasant smell. Note: These days bitumen a petroleum product is used in place of coal tar for metalling the roads.

Coal tar belongs to a class of drugs known as keratoplastics. It works by causing the skin to shed dead cells from its top layer and slow down the growth of skin cells. This effect decreases scaling and dryness. Coal tar can also decrease itchiness from these skin conditions.

What Are Side Effects Associated with Using Coal Tar Shampoo?

• Stinging/burning of scalp.
• Skin peeling.
• Coal tar may cause discoloration or staining.

This can cause temporary hair loss. Also, tar products can be effective, but they can stain fabric and gray hair. Other medical shampoos treat psoriasis, but they may not help with managing your hair otherwise.

Use this product usually twice a week or as directed by your doctor. Dosage is based on your medical condition, your product type/brand, and response to treatment. Do not use large amounts of this medication, use it more often, or use it for a longer period than directed.

It is recommended that Neutrogena T/Gel Therapeutic Shampoo is not used during pregnancy or while breast-feeding, unless the risks and benefits have been evaluated and discussed with a physician.

NEUTROGENA® T/Gel® Therapeutic Shampoo should be used two to three times weekly for the treatment of scalp disorders. Treatment usually lasts for 6 weeks, after which time improvement should be seen. Longer periods of treatment should only take place under the supervision of a doctor.

Coal tar is an effective treatment for psoriasis and eczema, but it contains several carcinogenic compounds. Occupational and animal studies have shown an increased risk of cancer after exposure to coal tar.