Atomic Particles Atoms consist of three basic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. The nucleus (center) of the atom contains the protons (positively charged) and the neutrons (no charge). The outermost regions of the atom are called electron shells and contain the electrons (negatively charged).

The nucleus is a collection of particles called protons, which are positively charged, and neutrons, which are electrically neutral. Protons and neutrons are in turn made up of particles called quarks.

Thomas Ryttov and his colleagues believe that the so-called techni-quarks can be the yet unseen particles, smaller than the Higgs particle. These particles together with the fundamental forces form the basis of the observed matter in the universe.

In the mainstream media, the Higgs boson has often been called the “God particle” from the 1993 book The God Particle by Nobel Laureate Leon Lederman, although the nickname is not endorsed by many physicists.

“We know through astro-physical observations that the universe is made up not just of standard matter but also of dark matter. Sometimes referred to as the “God particle,” the Higgs boson is unique in that physicists believe it to be responsible for giving other particles their mass.

Like all fundamental fields, the Higgs field has an associated particle – the Higgs boson. The Higgs boson is the visible manifestation of the Higgs field, rather like a wave at the surface of the sea.

In 2012, scientists confirmed the detection of the long-sought Higgs boson, also known by its nickname the “God particle,” at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the most powerful particle accelerator on the planet. This is because Higgs particles attract each other at high energies.

Satyendra Nath Bose

In particle physics, a massless particle is an elementary particle whose invariant mass is zero. The two known massless particles are both gauge bosons: the photon (carrier of electromagnetism) and the gluon (carrier of the strong force). Neutrinos were originally thought to be massless.