Viroids: the smallest and simplest agents of infectious disease.

The correct answer is choice C. Viruses.

Finally, you have been introduced to the two smallest types of pathogen – viruses and prions – which are not formed from cells so are not considered to be alive.

Terms in this set (28)

• virus. The smallest and simplest pathogens that cause colds.
• immunity. The ability to resist the pathogens that cause a particular disease.
• influenza.
• inflammation.
• hygiene.
• AIDS.
• antigens.
• syphilis.

The first line of defence is your innate immune system. Level one of this system consists of physical barriers like your skin and the mucosal lining in your respiratory tract. The tears, sweat, saliva and mucous produced by the skin and mucosal lining are part of that physical barrier, too.

When a baby receives antibodies from its mother’s breast milk, it is called, passive immunity.

“An infant’s immune system doesn’t mature until around 2 to 3 months,” Dr. Sabella says. “In those first few months, the immune system — especially cell-mediated immunity — becomes more developed. This is very important in helping a child fight off viruses.”

Colostrum and breast milk contain antibodies called immunoglobulins. They are a certain kind of protein that allow a mother to pass immunity to her baby. Specifically, breast milk contains the immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, IgG and secretory versions of IgM (SIgM) and IgA (SIgA).

If you believe that breast milk is the best food choice for your child, but you are not able to breastfeed, or you don’t want to, that’s where pumping comes in. It’s absolutely OK to pump your breast milk and give it to your baby in a bottle.

Increasing the milk supply too much through pumping can lead to engorgement, blocked milk ducts, and increased risk of breast infection (mastitis) – or worse, land the mother in a situation where she is reliant on the pump just to be comfortable because baby cannot remove as much milk as mom is making.

Breast milk stored in the refrigerator maintains most if it’s immune properties. 3 Heating breast milk at high temperatures (especially in the microwave—which is not recommended), can destroy the antibodies and other immune factors in your breast milk.

Milk from different pumping sessions/days may be combined in one container – use the date of the first milk expressed. Avoid adding warm milk to a container of previously refrigerated or frozen milk – cool the new milk before combining. Breastmilk is not spoiled unless it smells really bad or tastes sour.

You can add more breast milk to a container of refrigerated breast milk, but it should not be freshly pumped breast milk that is still warm at body temperature. If you’d like to add your most recently pumped fresh milk to a bottle of already refrigerated milk pumped on the same day, you need to cool it down.

If you need to freeze milk that has been sitting in the fridge, give it a sniff test (to make sure it’s still good) before freezing. Be sure to store it in clean, well-sealed glass or hard BPA-free plastic containers or freezer bags specially designed for storing breast milk.

Freshly expressed breast milk can be stored in the back of the refrigerator for up to four days in clean conditions. However, it’s optimal to use or freeze the milk within three days.

Freshly expressed or pumped milk can be stored: At room temperature (77°F or colder) for up to 4 hours. In the refrigerator for up to 4 days. In the freezer for about 6 months is best; up to 12 months is acceptable.

4 Useful Ideas for Expired Breastmilk

1. Baths. Breast milk is a great skin softener and may help with minor blemishes.
2. Freeze it. Freeze breastmilk into cubes to treat minor cuts, scrapes and bruises.
3. Soap. Another way to enjoy milk during bathtime is by making homemade soaps.
4. Jewelry.
5. More on Breastfeeding.

When reusing breast milk, remember that leftover milk that was not finished from your baby’s bottle can be used for up to 2 hours after he or she has finished feeding.

Storage bottles and cups Bottles are reusable, if you’re looking to produce less waste. You can even pump into the bottle, store in the fridge or freezer, and then warm your milk and feed directly from one container. Medela Milk Storage Bottles are compatible with Medela breast pumps and nipples for feeding.

The truth is, there’s no scientific evidence to support the claim that shaking breastmilk takes away from its nutritional value, or that swirling is better. Shaking does change how breastmilk looks, but doesn’t break down the protein molecules in the breastmilk or damage its nutritional value.

Expressed breastmilk will separate when stored in refrigerator. This can be a real shock to anyone who is not aware that this is normal. Sometimes there is a thick later of “cream” or fat on top, other times a thin layer.

Human milk that has truly soured has a very distinct sour taste and odor – much like soured cow’s milk. If your milk doesn’t smell distinctly sour or rancid, then it should be safe to feed to your baby.

The bacteria are usually found in powdered baby formula, powdered milk, and herbal teas. A Cronobacter infection is rare but can be life-threatening for infants who are days or weeks old. An infection can cause inflammation around the brain, blood poisoning, or an intestine infection.

Prepared infant formula can spoil if it is left out at room temperature. Use prepared infant formula within 2 hours of preparation and within one hour from when feeding begins. If you do not start to use the prepared infant formula within 2 hours, immediately store the bottle in the fridge and use it within 24 hours.

No, throw away any leftover formula. There’s a chance bacteria may have formed since the last feeding, which could make your baby sick.

Yes, as long as your baby doesn’t drink from the bottle. An unused bottle of formula mixed from powder can last up to 24 hours in the fridge. That’s why many parents opt to make a larger batch of formula in the morning and portion out into bottles — or pour into bottles as needed — for use throughout the day.