Types of logic

An example of inductive logic is, “The coin I pulled from the bag is a penny. Therefore, all the coins in the bag are pennies.” Even if all of the premises are true in a statement, inductive reasoning allows for the conclusion to be false.

The main difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is that inductive reasoning aims at developing a theory while deductive reasoning aims at testing an existing theory. Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broad generalizations, and deductive reasoning the other way around.

• Philosophical logic.
• Informal logic.
• Formal logic.
• Mathematical logic.
• Logical form.
• Semantics.
• Inference.
• Logical systems.

There are three stages to creating a logical argument: Premise, inference, and conclusion.

If it’s being offered as a reason to believe another claim, then it’s functioning as a premise. If it’s expressing the main point of the argument, what the argument is trying to persuade you to accept, then it’s the conclusion. There are words and phrases that indicate premises too.

Logical Vocabulary Conclusion: Logical result of the relationship between the premises. Conclusions serve as the thesis of the argument. Argument: The assertion of a conclusion based on logical premises. Deduction: A process through which the premises provide conclusive proof for the conclusion.

Find the rows in which F1 is true; those are essentially the models that satisfy F1. Check to see whether F2 is also true in all of those rows/models; if it is, then every model that satisfies F1 automatically satisfies F2, and F2 is therefore a logical consequence of F1.

Conclusion outline

1. Topic sentence. Fresh rephrasing of thesis statement.
2. Supporting sentences. Summarize or wrap up the main points in the body of the essay. Explain how ideas fit together.
3. Closing sentence. Final words. Connects back to the introduction. Provides a sense of closure.