If DNA or RNA is introduced into cells by using viral vector carriers, then the technique is called Transduction, and the resulting cells are said to be transduced! It includes virus-based vectors such as lentiviral vectors, adeno-associated viruses (AAV) and adenoviruses.

AAV titers are given as a “physical” titer in viral genomes per ml (vg/ml) determined by direct QPCR of purified vector particles. Vectors are also assessed for transduced titer by FACs when fluorescent reporters are available.

Transfection is the process of introducing nucleic acids into cells by non-viral methods. Transduction is the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector. A common way to validate that a genetic material was successfully introduced into cells is to measure protein expression.

Adenovirus is a double-stranded DNA virus that does not go through an RNA intermediate, and thus inserted sequences need not be compatible with transcription of the complete viral genome and its subsequent reverse transcription as for retroviral vectors.

According to the recent classification of International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), Lentivirus genus belongs to the family Retroviridae and currently comprises of nine species: seven animal lentiviruses and two human lentiviruses.

A defective phage carrying part of the Host genome in place of part of the phage genome.

Transduction is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another. Viruses called bacteriophages are able to infect bacterial cells and use them as hosts to make more viruses.

Multiplicity of infection (MOI) is a frequently used term in virology which refers to the number of virions that are added per cell during infection. If one million virions are added to one million cells, the MOI is one.

Viral Genome, a unit used indicate concentration of Viral vector in Gene Therapy, usually a ratio to weight. Voice grade category 3 cable.

Without having a fluorescent marker gene you will have to use a qPCR based approach to get vector genome / ml titer. If you have LV with a GFP marker you can determine transducing units/ml and also run on qPCR along with your shRNA vector to estimate transducing units on your cell of interest.

Certain units are not part of the International System of Units, that is, they are outside the SI, but are important and widely used.

(c) Although the neper is coherent with SI units and is accepted by the CIPM, it has not been adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM, Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures) and is thus not an SI unit.

Table 6. Units outside the SI that are accepted for use with the SI (a) In many countries, this unit is called “tonne.”