Transnational processes comprise various elements flowing across national borders, such as migration, capital, technology, etc. They increasingly transform the relationship between the national, the local and the global and create new power structures and new relations.

In this sense, transnational identity means recognizing the multi-geographical nature of immigrants who are from one particular country but live out their lives in another (Esteban-Guitart et al., 2013, Portes, 1997).

Transnational migration is then defined as “a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country” (Fouron & Glick-Schiller, 2001, p. 60).

For instance, issues regarding weapons of mass destruction (WMD) mix states and non-states. And state-centric issues can share the defining characteristics of transnational issues – they are unbounded, fast moving, and obscured by overwhelming information.

‘Literary’ or ‘critical’ ‘transnationalism’ describes aspects of literary circulation and movement that defy reduction to the level of the nation-state. The term originated in American Studies as a means of bringing American literary discourse into a new relationship with the world that it inhabits.

Over the last dozen years or so, the “transnational turn” has arguably been the most important development in the historical discipline. Broadly conceived, transnational history follows the movement or reach of peoples, ideas, and/or things across national (or other defined) borders.

Transnationalism is a scholarly research agenda and social phenomenon grown out of the heightened interconnectivity between people and the receding economic and social significance of boundaries among nation states.

Transnational crimes can be grouped into three broad categories involving provision of illicit goods (drug trafficking, trafficking in stolen property, weapons trafficking, and counterfeiting), illicit services (commercial sex and human trafficking), and infiltration of business and government (fraud, racketeering.

Transnational relations have been defined as “contacts, coalitions, and interactions across state boundaries that are not controlled by the central foreign policy organs of governments.” Examples of transnational entities are “multinational business enterprises and revolutionary movements; trade unions and scientific …

The theory of an emergent transnational state (TNS), as coined by sociologist William I. Robinson (2001), claims that through globalization a nascent political, juridical and regulatory network is coming into existence worldwide. The TCC, to promote and ensure its power, requires a concomitant political project.

State capitalism is an economic system in which the state undertakes business and commercial economic activity (i.e. for-profit) and where the means of production are organized and managed as state-owned enterprises (including the processes of capital accumulation, centralized management and wage labor), or where there …

Transnational corporations (TNCs) or multinational corporations (MNCs) are companies that operate in more than one country. Unilever, McDonalds and Apple are all examples of TNCs. TNCs tend to have offices and headquarters located in the developed world.

They boast over 400 products and are located in over 200 countries around the world. The incredible fact and reason why Coca Cola is an excellent transnational company to study are that their sales are generated mostly from outside America. In fact, 70% of the sales are from outside.

Transnational Strategy Such a firm tries to balance the desire for efficiency with the need to adjust to local preferences within various countries. For example, large fast-food chains such as McDonald’s and KFC rely on the same brand names and the same core menu items around the world.

Transnational Strategy Difficult to achieve because of simultaneous requirements for strong central control and coordination to achieve efficiency and local flexibility and decentralization to achieve local market responsiveness.

An international business structure where a company’s global business activities are coordinated via cooperation and interdependence between its head office, operational divisions and internationally located subsidiaries or retail outlets.

“International” has a smaller scope encompassing only two or more countries while “global” has a much larger scope which includes the whole world. Although they are sometimes used interchangeably, “global” means “all-encompassing and worldwide” while “international” means “foreign or multinational.”

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