Brass astrolabes

An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies – in either observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy.

The Quran states that the universe was created in six ayyam (days). (In verse 50:38 among others). However, it is important to note that the “days” mentioned in Quran does not equals to the “24 hours day period”. According to verse 70:4, one day in Quran is equal to 50,000 years on Earth.

Astronomy (from Greek: ἀστρονομία, literally meaning the science that studies the laws of the stars) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, and comets.

Since the 20th century there have been two main types of astronomy, observational and theoretical astronomy. Observational astronomy uses telescopes and cameras to observe or look at stars, galaxies and other astronomical objects.

The word astronomy comes from a Greek word that literally (and poetically) means “star-arranging.”

Etymology. The word galaxy was borrowed via French and Medieval Latin from the Greek term for the Milky Way, galaxías (kúklos) γαλαξίας (κύκλος) ‘milky (circle)’, named after its appearance as a milky band of light in the sky. Galaxies were initially discovered telescopically and were known as spiral nebulae.

Solar and lunar eclipses occur at times of syzygy, as do transits and occultations. The term is often applied when the Sun and Moon are in conjunction (new moon) or opposition (full moon). The word syzygy is often used to describe interesting configurations of astronomical objects in general.

Chemistry, from the ancient Egyptian word “khēmia” meaning transmutation of earth, is the science of matter at the atomic to molecular scale, dealing primarily with collections of atoms, such as molecules, crystals, and metals.

Jöns Jacob Berzelius Along with Lavoisier, Boyle, and Dalton, Berzelius is known as the father of modern chemistry. In 1828 he compiled a table of relative atomic weights, where oxygen was used as a standard, with its weight set at 100, and which included all of the elements known at the time.

Tapputi

Marie Curie was the first woman to receive the prize in 1911, which was her second Nobel Prize (she also won the prize in physics in 1903, along with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel – making her the only woman to be award two Nobel prizes).

Friedrich Wöhler

Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds, which contain carbon in covalent bonding. Study of structure determines their chemical composition and formula.

Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibrium.

CH₄N₂O

The cycling of and excretion of urea by the kidneys is a vital part of mammalian metabolism. Besides its role as carrier of waste nitrogen, urea also plays a role in the countercurrent exchange system of the nephrons, that allows for re-absorption of water and critical ions from the excreted urine.

Water

CH2O

Formaldehyde

In chemistry, a ketone /ˈkiːtoʊn/ is a functional group with the structure R2C=O, where R can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. The simplest ketone is acetone (R = R’ = methyl), with the formula CH3C(O)CH3.

CH₃COOH

Sodium hydrogen carbonate

Hydroiodic acid

Chlorous acid is an inorganic compound with the formula HClO2. It is a weak acid. Chlorine has oxidation state +3 in this acid.

hypochlorous acid, chloric(I) acid, chloranol, hydroxidochlorine

Sulfuric acid

Hydrogen bromide

Safety. HBr is highly corrosive and irritating to inhalation.