Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrites or nitrates. Ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates are all fixed nitrogen and can be absorbed by plants. Denitrifying bacteria converts nitrates back to nitrogen gas.

Turning nitrate back into nitrogen gas, the process of denitrification, happens through the work of denitrifying bacteria. These bacteria often live in swamps and lakes. They take in the nitrate and release it back to the atmosphere as nitrogen gas.

With no available oxygen, denitrifying bacteria use the oxygen present in the nitrate to oxidize the carbon. This leads to the creation of nitrogen gas from nitrate, which then bubbles up out of the wastewater.

Denitrification

NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS & POTASH TESTS: Take a soil sample from about 4″ below the surface. Fill a clean jar or can with 1 part soil and 5 parts water. Thoroughly shake or stir the soil and water together for at least one minute and then allow the mixture to settle out for at least 10 minutes.

Add Brown Organic Matter to Your Soil Nitrogen toxicity usually occurs in natural soil. Adding brown organic matter to the soil can reverse the problem. Organisms that live in soil use a lot of nitrogen to break down this organic matter, thereby removing excess nitrogen from the soil.

Nitrification. Nitrifying bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrite (NO2-) and then into nitrate (NO3-). This process is called nitrification. Compounds such as nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and ammonium can be taken up from soils by plants and then used in the formation of plant and animal proteins.

Plant and animal wastes decompose, adding nitrogen to the soil. Bacteria in the soil convert those forms of nitrogen into forms plants can use. Plants use the nitrogen in the soil to grow. People and animals eat the plants; then animal and plant residues return nitrogen to the soil again, completing the cycle.

The amount of nitrogen can be naturally replenished if farmers grow legume crops the subsequent season. The nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium, present in the root nodules of leguminous plants, helps in fixing atmospheric nitrogen.

Nutrients in the soil are replenished by adding fertilisers and manures. Fertilisers and manures contain plants nutrients and minerals like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The bacterium called Rhizobium can take atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into a soluble form.

(iii) Turning and loosening of soil brings nutrient-rich soil to the top. Plants can then absorb these nutrients more efficiently. The process of loosening and turning the soil is called tilling or ploughing.

1- Turning and Loosening of the soil bring the nutrient rich soil to the top so that plant can use these nutrients. 2- It permits easy and Deeper penetration of the roots. 3- It provide good aeration to the roots. 4- It promotes growth of useful soil bacteria, earthworms, etc that provide nutrients to the soil.

The soil is loosened to increase the absorption of water and manures. Loosening of soil particles adds humus and nutrients in the soil that increases crop yields. Tilling or loosening the soil is done by ploughs which are pulled by a pair of bulls. Tractor driven cultivators are also used to loosen the soil.

The process of loosening and turning of soil is called Tilling or ploughing.

tilling of the soil is the process of losing and turning of soil.

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The levelling of ploughed soil in the field is done by using an implement called Leveller. It is a heavy wooden plank or an iron plank.

Patela, a wooden plank is used to smoothen the dug soil. The roller is used for breaking up of large lumps of soil, It can also help to reduce moisture loss from cultivated soil. Scrapper is used to levelling the uneven field, it helps to reduce soil erosion and ensures uniform irrigation for the entire area.

Harrow is an agricultural tool consists of several discs and spikes in a row. It is used to smoothen and level the fields.

Levelling of ploughed soil is the process of crushing and breaking big lumps , crumbs, pieces of rocks and stones etc to prevent soil erosion , loss of moisture , etc….. Hope this helps..!!

Farmers plough their fields mainly to loosen the soil though the roots can easily penetrate through the soil. The weeds that are grown in the fields are destroyed through ploughing. Thus the soil becomes fertile and it can be used to cultivate, easily.

Though chemical fertilizers increase crop production; their overuse has hardened the soil, decreased fertility, strengthened pesticides, polluted air and water, and released greenhouse gases, thereby bringing hazards to human health and environment as well.

Levelling is the art of determining the relative elevations of different objects or points on the earth’s surface. This is done by taking measurements in the vertical plane. Hence, this branch of surveying deals with measurements in vertical planes.