Generally, the burner is placed underneath a laboratory tripod, which supports a beaker or other container. The burner will often be placed on a suitable heatproof mat to protect the laboratory bench surface.

Before lighting, place the Bunsen burner at least 12 inches in front of any overhead shelving or equipment and be mindful of loose hair or clothing, like your lab coat. Always keep safety equipment, like fire extinguishers and safety blankets, close at hand.

Most labs use at least one type of heating device, such as ovens, hot plates, heating mantles and tapes, oil baths, salt baths, sand baths, air baths, hot-tube furnaces, hot-air guns and microwave ovens.

Bunsen burner

More than 20 common laboratory apparatus their uses

• A microscope. Biologists, medical workers, and students love to use microscopes in their projects.
• Balance. What laboratory apparatus is used to measure mass?
• Volumetric flasks.
• Test tube.
• A bunsen burner.
• A voltmeter.
• Beakers.
• A magnifying glass.

Kipp’s apparatus, also called Kipp generator, is an apparatus designed for preparation of small volumes of gases. It was invented around 1844 by the Dutch pharmacist Petrus Jacobus Kipp and widely used in chemical laboratories and for demonstrations in schools into the second half of the 20th century.

In chemistry, a retort stand, also called a clamp stand, a ring stand, or a support stand, is a piece of scientific equipment intended to support other pieces of equipment and glassware — for instance, burettes, test tubes and flasks.

Answer: Glass tube (delivery tube)

While burette is used to deliver a chemical solution with a known concentration into a flask, pipette is used to measure the quantity of the analyte- the chemical substrate whose concentration is to be determined.

For acid-alkali titrations, this is a chemical that undergoes a colour change at certain acidities. A white tile can be placed underneath the conical flask to aid with the ease of spotting the end point colour change.

Titrations are carried out quickly the first time to get a rough idea of the approximate volume that is needed to reach the end point. This value is too big since it is unlikely to have been stopped exactly at the endpoint. This reading is the “rough titre” and is not used to calculate the average.

Distilled water does not affect the outcome of titrations because it is only a solvent.

Several factors can cause errors in titration findings, including misreading volumes, mistaken concentration values or faulty technique. Care must be taken as the solution of the known concentration is introduced into a specific volume of the unknown through laboratory glassware such as a burette or pipette.

The endpoint of the titration is signaled when a permanent color change is observed (longer than 30 seconds). It is possible to overshoot the endpoint by adding too much titrant. A correct endpoint is shown on the left, an overshot endpoint on the right. 9.

One of these is called Random Error. An error is considered random if the value of what is being measured sometimes goes up or sometimes goes down. A very simple example is our blood pressure. Even if someone is healthy, it is normal that their blood pressure does not remain exactly the same every time it is measured.

If a large amount of indicator is used, the indicator will effect the final pH, lowering the accuracy of the experiment.

If more than 2–3 drops are used, we would need more amount of base to neutralize your indicator. Thus, end point would shift to a slightly higher value. This would make the acid appear more concentrated than it really is.

The Titration Process Is Influenced by the Following Factors:

• Measuring method.
• Instrument (instrument uncertainty/abrasion of the burette)
• Electrodes (electrode uncertainty/alteration of electrodes)
• Handling.
• Balance (weighing error)
• Temperature.

It’s important to use only a few drops of indicator because if more of the indicator is used into the solution, it could change the pH since the indicator is a weak acid itself. We would ideal only want one or two drops because this would allow for the most accurate color change with the different salts.

The intensity of the color is concentration dependent, so if a large amount of phenolphthalein is present the color could be very strong at the end-point. However, the presence of a large amount of phenolphthalein is not usually the reason a titration mixture has an intense color.

When few drops of phenolphthalein are added to a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide a pink colour is produced.

Normally, the indicator causes the color of the solution to change depending on the pH. Solutions with a pH value below 7.0 are considered acidic and solutions with pH value above 7.0 are basic (alkaline).

pH meters are the most accurate type of measurement and are widely used. Pocket-sized meters called testers are small, easy to use for fieldwork and relatively low cost.

Some of the most widely-used pH testing tools are pH indicators, including phenolphthalein (range pH 8.2 to 10.0; colorless to pink), bromthymol blue (range pH 6.0 to 7.6; yellow to blue), and litmus (range pH 4.5 to 8.3; red to blue).

Universal indicator

Indicator	Low pH colour	Transition pH range
Methyl red	Red	4.8 – 6.0
Bromothymol blue	Yellow	6.0 – 7.6
Thymol blue (second transition)	Yellow	8.0 – 9.6
Phenolphthalein	Colourless	8.3 – 10.0

Some examples of natural indicators are turmeric, grape juice, red cabbage, cherries, onion, beetroot etc. Synthetic indicators are indicators which are synthesized in the laboratory. Examples of synthetic indicators include phenolphthalein, methyl orange etc. litmus paper is also an example of synthetic indicator.

Yes, turmeric is a universal indicator.It turns red in acids and remains yellow in basic solution.

Universal indicator and the pH scale Universal indicator is supplied as a solution or as universal indicator paper . It is a mixture of several different indicators. Unlike litmus, universal indicator can show us how strongly acidic or alkaline a solution is, not just that the solution is acidic or alkaline.

Skin: Causes moderate skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin. May cause cyanosis of the extremities. Ingestion: May cause central nervous system depression, kidney damage, and liver damage.