uncuttable

indivisible

democritus

Thomson’s experiments change how scientists thought about atoms? Scientists realized that atoms contained smaller subatomic particles. Scientists can measure the energy gained when electrons absorb energy and move to a higher level or the energy released when the electrons return to a lower energy level.

Rutherford designed an experiment for this. In this experiment, fast moving alpha (α)-particles were made to fall on a thin gold foil. He selected a gold foil because he wanted as thin a layer as possible. Since they have a mass of 4µ, the fast-moving α-particles have a considerable amount of energy.

Alpha rays are the positively charged particles. Alpha-particle is highly active and energetic helium atom that contains two neutrons and protons.

The Rutherford gold leaf experiment concluded that most (99%) of all the mass of an atom is in the nucleus of the atom, that the nucleus is very small (105 times small than the size of the atom) and that is is positively charged.

An atom of gold is bigger and heavier. Split it open and you’ll find 79 protons and 118 neutrons in the nucleus and 79 electrons spinning round the edge. The protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atoms of iron and gold are identical—there are just different numbers of them.

Atoms are curious particles when you think about them. Almost all of an atom’s mass comes from the protons and neutrons in the nucleus. You can’t see atoms with the naked eye, because they’re simply too small. Using electron microscopes, scientists have been able to study atoms.

Quarks do exist! However we are not able to seen them directly, since the strong energy force between them increases as we tried to separate them from each other. The Quark-gloun plasma is a hypothetically state of matter in which quarks and gluons are free to move.

A quark is an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Due to a phenomenon known as color confinement, quarks are never directly observed or found in isolation; they can be found only within hadrons, such as baryons (of which protons and neutrons are examples), and mesons.

12 different

The data tell us that the radius of the quark is smaller than 43 billion-billionths of a centimetre (0.43 x 10−16 cm).

In particle physics, preons are point particles, conceived of as sub-components of quarks and leptons. The word was coined by Jogesh Pati and Abdus Salam, in 1974.

A proton is made up of two Up quarks and a Down quark while a neutron is made from two Down quarks and an Up quark. They have masses that are a lot smaller than two thirds of the proton or neutron mass so determining the masses of the quarks isn’t easy!

They calculate that these bubbles would be less massive than ordinary stars, at no more than 100 times the mass of Earth, and less than a metre across. There’s no lower limit, but Sandin and Hansson have considered preon nuggets down to the size of a pea, which would be a little less massive than the Moon.

The so-called techni-quarks can be the yet unseen particles, smaller than the Higgs particle that will form a natural extension of the Standard Model which includes three generations of quarks and leptons.

Preons are hypothetical particles smaller than leptons and quarks that leptons and quarks are made out of. The protons and neutrons weren’t indivisible – they have quarks inside.

nothing is smaller than a photon. It has no matter. we can’t see a photon. It has no matter.

Light is composed of photons, so we could ask if the photon has mass. The answer is then definitely “no”: the photon is a massless particle. According to theory it has energy and momentum but no mass, and this is confirmed by experiment to within strict limits.