Mantle: is the part of the earth between the core and the the crust is the MANTLE. When you see a volcano erupt, the lava from the volcano has magma from the MANTLE in it.

The Earth’s mantle plays an important role in the evolution of the crust and provides the thermal and mechanical driving forces for plate tectonics. The mantle is also the graveyard for descending lithospheric slabs, and the fate of these slabs in the mantle is a subject of ongoing discussion and controversy.

Two parts of the upper mantle are often recognized as distinct regions in Earth’s interior: the lithosphere and the asthenosphere. The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of the Earth, extending to a depth of about 100 kilometers (62 miles).

Planet Earth

• The Mantle is the second layer of the Earth.
• The mantle is divided into two sections.
• The average temperature of the mantle is 3000° Celsius.
• The mantle is composed of silicates of iron and magnesium, sulphides and oxides of silicon and magnesium.
• The mantle is about 2900 km thick.

It has three main layers. The upper mantle extends from the base of the crust (the Moho) down to 660 kilometers depth. The transition zone is located between 410 and 660 kilometers, at which depths major physical changes occur to minerals. The lower mantle extends from 660 kilometers down to about 2,700 kilometers.

The crust

core

The mantle, which makes up about 84% of Earth’s volume, is predominantly solid, but behaves as a very viscous fluid in geological time.

The Earth’s mantle, on which the crust is lying on, is not made of liquid magma. The Earth’s mantle is mostly solid from the liquid outer core to the crust, but it can creep on the long-term, which surely strengthens the misconception of a liquid mantle.

A mantle (from old French mantel, from mantellum, the Latin term for a cloak) is a type of loose garment usually worn over indoor clothing to serve the same purpose as an overcoat. For example, the dolman, a 19th-century cape-like woman’s garment with partial sleeves is often described as a mantle.

As the mantle rocks melt they form magma. The magma collects in a magma pool. Because the magma is less dense than the surrounding mantle material it will rise.

It takes temperatures between 600 and 1,300 degrees Celsius (1,100 and 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit) to melt a rock, turning it into a substance called magma (molten rock).

Magma has the tendency to rise because it weighs less than surrounding hard rock (liquids are less dense than solids) and because of the pressure caused by extreme temperature. The pressure is reduced as magma rises toward the surface. Dissolved gases come out of solution and form bubbles.

Melting the mantle by lowering its pressure or decompression melting is the most common and best-understood melting mechanism. Magmas generated at midocean ridges, in the backarc of subduction zones, at ocean islands, and in the interior of many continents are formed by this process.

There are three great tectonic settings that enable the special conditions required for the mantle to melt. These are: Intraplate Mantle Plumes, Divergent Margins and Convergent Margins. Let’s look at each of these tectonic settings in more depth. The first way to melt the mantle is by simply making the mantle hotter.

Temperature. In the case of raising the temperature, mantle melting will only occur if the mantle is heated past the normal geotherm. It is believed that heat flux from the core and lower mantle is responsible for increasing the temperature of the upper mantle.

In the modern deep water cycle, partial melting of the mantle extracts water from it. As buoyant magma rises, the water outgasses into oceans and other surface reservoirs through volcanoes. The water is returned to the mantle by subduction, as pictured in figure 1.

Plates at our planet’s surface move because of the intense heat in the Earth’s core that causes molten rock in the mantle layer to move. It moves in a pattern called a convection cell that forms when warm material rises, cools, and eventually sink down. As the cooled material sinks down, it is warmed and rises again.

The Earth’s mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. It has a thickness of 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) making up about 84% of Earth’s volume. It is predominantly solid but in geological time it behaves as a viscous fluid.

2,890 km

Drilling To The Mantle Of The Earth Fifty years ago, scientists attempted to drill deep through ocean crust to the Earth’s mantle, an endeavor called “Project Mohole.” That project failed, but scientists are sharpening their drill bits again.

It’s the thinnest of three main layers, yet humans have never drilled all the way through it. Then, the mantle makes up a whopping 84% of the planet’s volume. At the inner core, you’d have to drill through solid iron. This would be especially difficult because there’s near-zero gravity at the core.

The surface of Earth is constantly spinning at more than 1,000 miles per hour. If you go deeper into the Earth, it’s still moving all around you, but the mass inside doesn’t have as far to travel. The only way to make it work, would be to dig the hole straight through Earth’s poles.

A tunnel, dug from one side of the Earth to the other would be, on average, 12,742 km. So it’s a shorter trip, sure, but that’s not the best part. If you jumped into the tunnel, you’d fall down towards the center of the Earth, accelerating constantly, thanks to gravity.

Kola well

In the same way, the ISS isn’t floating in space, it’s falling towards Earth and missing! And when you jump off the ISS, you’re initially moving at that same speed. So you end up in orbit, too — at least for a while. Second, without rockets to maintain your speed, you’ll slow down and spiral toward Earth.