The law of constant proportions states that chemical compounds are made up of elements that are present in a fixed ratio by mass. This implies that any pure sample of a compound, no matter the source, will always consist of the same elements that are present in the same ratio by mass.

also known as the principle of constant proportions states that although the salinity of various samples of seawater may vary, the ratio of major salts is constant. No matter how much the salinity increases or decreases in the ocean, the proportions of ions relative to each other remains constant.

Evaporation of ocean water and formation of sea ice both increase the salinity of the ocean. However these “salinity raising” factors are continually counterbalanced by processes that decrease salinity such as the continuous input of fresh water from rivers, precipitation of rain and snow, and melting of ice.

The chemical composition of the ocean reflects the balance of element budget between 1) inputs – “sources” from continental weathering, atmosphere-ocean interaction, hydrothermal reactions at the ocea- nic crust – ocean interface and anthropogenic sources, and 2) outputs – “sinks” from secondary mineral precipitation.

The results show that pressure and brine salinity have an influence on the capillary pressure-water saturation curves.

As temperature increases, the space between water molecules increases—also known as density, which therefore decreases. Salinity and density share a positive relationship. As density increases, the amount of salts in the water—also known as salinity, increases.

You said the right word: liquid! Try to fill a syringe (without the needle) with some water, then close the hole and try to compress it: you will notice that you cannot do much, indeed liquids are not compressible, this mean that the density ρ=m/V does not vary with pressure because the volume stays the same.

halocline zone

For high-latitude regions, the surface salinity starts off low, then increases as depth increases. The salinity in both regions evens out and doesn’t vary as much as surface salinity.

Fresh water, in the form of water vapor, moves from the ocean to the atmosphere through evaporation causing the higher salinity. Toward the poles, fresh water from melting ice decreases the surface salinity once again. Adding salt to water lowers the freezing temperature.

The ocean layer of rapid temperature change with depth is known as the thermocline.

Evaporation and temperature are the two main factors that control the concentration of salts in seawater.

There are two main factors that make ocean water more or less dense: temperature and salinity. Cold, salty water is denser than warm, fresher water and will sink below the less dense layer. Density is defined as the measure of a material’s mass (e.g. grams) divided by its volume (e.g. milliliters).

There are three main ocean zones based on distance from shore. They are the intertidal zone, neritic zone, and oceanic zone.