: the part of the earth’s atmosphere that begins at about 50 miles (80 kilometers) above the earth’s surface, extends to outer space, and is characterized by steadily increasing temperature with height.

The Earth’s thermosphere also includes the region of the atmosphere called the ionosphere. The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is filled with charged particles. The high temperatures in the thermosphere can cause molecules to ionize. This is why an ionosphere and thermosphere can overlap.

The mantle is the mostly-solid bulk of Earth’s interior. The mantle lies between Earth’s dense, super-heated core and its thin outer layer, the crust.

The discovery reveals that the mantle under Earth’s oceans — the area just below the crust that extends down to the planet’s inner liquid core — is almost 110 degrees F (60 degrees C) hotter than scientists previously thought, the researchers said.

The special feature of the upper mantle is the asthenosphere. It is located just below the lithosphere and is made up of rock that is fluid and can move. Its chemical composition is very similar to the crust.

asthenosphere

The upper mantle, along with the crust, comprises what is called the lithosphere. The lithosphere is approximately 120 miles or 200 kilometers thick. This is where the tectonic plates exist. Below the lithosphere, you’ll find the asthenosphere.

1. upper mantle – the upper part of the mantle. layer – a relatively thin sheetlike expanse or region lying over or under another. mantle – the layer of the earth between the crust and the core.

In grade-school science textbooks, Earth’s mantle is usually shown in a yellow-to-orange gradient, a nebulously defined layer between the crust and the core.

Earth’s mantle extends to a depth of 2,890 km, making it the planet’s thickest layer. The mantle is divided into upper and lower mantle separated by a transition zone. The lowest part of the mantle next to the core-mantle boundary is known as the D″ (D-double-prime) layer.

The D” (dee double prime) layer is a mysterious layer beginning approximately 200 km above the boundary between the core and mantle. (This boundary is referred to as the core-mantle boundary.)

outer core

This thick layer of rock comprised of silicate and oxide minerals has gradual increases with depth of P- and S-wave seismic velocities and density that are generally consistent with adiabatic self-compression of a uniform composition material over most of the depth range (see Earth’s Structure, Lower Mantle ).

The thermosphere is a layer of Earth’s atmosphere. The thermosphere is directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere. It extends from about 90 km (56 miles) to between 500 and 1,000 km (311 to 621 miles) above our planet. Solar activity strongly influences temperature in the thermosphere.

How does elevation affect temperature? As you increase in elevation, there is less air above you thus the pressure decreases. As the pressure decreases, air molecules spread out further (i.e. air expands) and the temperature decreases.

High-altitude locations are usually much colder than areas closer to sea level. This is due to the low air pressure. Air expands as it rises, and the fewer gas molecules—including nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide—have fewer chances to bump into each other. The human body reacts to high altitudes.

The troposphere is heated from the ground, so temperature decreases with altitude. Because warm air rises and cool air sinks, the troposphere is unstable. In the stratosphere, temperature increases with altitude. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer, which protects the planet from the Sun’s harmful UV radiation.

Pressure with Height: pressure decreases with increasing altitude. The pressure at any level in the atmosphere may be interpreted as the total weight of the air above a unit area at any elevation. At higher elevations, there are fewer air molecules above a given surface than a similar surface at lower levels.

True Altitude is height above mean sea level (MSL). It is primarily used in aircraft performance calculations and in high-altitude flight. • Density Altitude is formally defined as “pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature variations.”

29.92 in.

The 5 Types Of Altitude, Explained

• 1) Indicated Altitude. Let’s start with the easiest – indicated altitude is simply the altitude you read directly off your altimeter.
• 2) Pressure Altitude.
• 3) Density Altitude.
• 4) True Altitude.
• 5) Absolute Altitude.

True altitude is the actual elevation above mean sea level. It is indicated altitude corrected for non-standard temperature and pressure. Height is the vertical distance above a reference point, commonly the terrain elevation.

For a given power setting, True Airspeed increases with altitude because there is less drag due to the air being less dense. Aircraft are more efficient at high altitude because of this simple fact.

High altitude: 8,000 to 12,000 feet above sea level. Very high altitude: 12,000 to 18,000 feet.

Here’s how you can adjust to altitude quickly and safely, so you can get on to having an amazing trip….

1. Drink Lots of Water.
2. Reduce Your Exercise.
3. Get Enough Sleep.
4. Limit Your Alcohol Intake.
5. Increase Your Potassium Levels.
6. Protect Yourself From the Sun.

Top 7 Tips for Altitude Sickness Prevention

1. Climb slowly. Your body needs about two to three days of slowly going higher in order to adjust to the changes.
2. Eat carbs. It’s not often we’re told to eat extra carbohydrates.
3. Avoid alcohol.
4. Drink water.
5. Take it easy.
6. Sleep lower.
7. Medication.

Foods rich in potassium such as bananas, greens, avocados, dried fruit, potatoes and tomatoes help your body to acclimate faster. Ideally, you should avoid foods high in salt, but complex carbohydrates are great for stabilizing your blood sugar and maintaining energy.

1-3 days

We divided the time at altitude into nine periods, with three stages from the preparation for ascent to a high altitude to the time after soldiers descend to a low altitude (Fig. 1). The three stages are the preparation stage, the ascent stage and the descent stage.

When creatures accustomed to life at high altitude are brought to sea level, do they experience reverse altitude sickness? Humans can certainly experience reverse altitude sickness, known as high-altitude de-acclimatisation syndrome (HADAS).

While a humidifier may not completely stave off altitude sickness (the caveats to avoid exertion and alcohol are valid, if perhaps unrealistic, on a ski vacation), it can’t hurt. And if one of you comes down with a cold, you’ve got the humidifier ready to go for that ailment as well.

Asthma inhalers like albuterol, which work by stimulating beta-receptor cells in the lungs, were first used to treat high-altitude climbers. Conversely, several heart-failure medicines are now in use to treat altitude sickness or help with acclimatization, researchers say.

Treating altitude sickness

1. stop and rest where you are.
2. do not go any higher for at least 24 to 48 hours.
3. if you have a headache, take ibuprofen or paracetamol.
4. if you feel sick, take an anti-sickness medicine, such as promethazine.
5. make sure you’re drinking enough water.
6. do not smoke, drink alcohol, or exercise.

A study monitoring humans on an Everest Expedition found that daily doses of vitamin C, E and Alpha Lipoic Acid reduced the effects of altitude.

Altitude can also increase your metabolism while suppressing your appetite, meaning you’ll have to eat more than you feel like to maintain a neutral energy balance. When people are exposed to altitude for several days or weeks, their bodies begin to adjust (called “acclimation”) to the low-oxygen environment.