African and American Civilizations have the following common identifying traits: share culture and an environment, a stable food supply, a system of government, advanced technology, and sometimes written/recorded language and /or record keeping, cities, art, large population centers, architecture, and social structures …

In what way were civilizations in Africa different from those in Eurasia during the second-wave era? Civilizations in Africa were fewer in number and generally smaller than their Eurasian counterparts. The population of Africa was also significantly smaller than in Eurasia.

The Ancestral Pueblo and Mound Builders were similar in a number of ways. Their settlements were linked into trading networks, and they also participated in long-distance exchange. Both groups created structures to track the heavens. Both ultimately adopted maize from Mesoamerica.

And how did American separation from tej Eastern Hemisphere Affect its development? African proximity to Eurasia influenced its history as North Africa was fully integrated into the Mediterranean world & therefore stimulated the trade of ideas & technology.

Internal evidence from the document itself that dates it prior to Axum’s acceptance of Christianity is thanking the Greek gods after they succeeded in conquering.

How did African proximity to Eurasia shape its history? – Northeast African kingdoms Meroe and Axum traded with the Eurasian world and borrowed from it culturally. Most notably their cultures adopted Christianity, and some later adopted Islam.

What were some of the similarities and differences between Kush and Aksum? -Both societies enjoyed particularly close ties with Egypt and western Asia. -Kush developed their own alphabet, Meroitic. -Aksum used its close proximity to the Red Sea to begun a major trade network.

The pillars of Aksum were built, and their purpose was to celebrate great victories and achievements. The writing on them stated what great things had been done. What did the pillars of Aksum reveal about their culture? They revealed a lot about their architecture and history.

The subsequent history of Kush is one of gradual decay, ending with inglorious extinction in 350 ce by the king of Aksum, who marched down from the Ethiopian highlands, destroyed Meroe, and sacked the decrepit towns along the river.

The Aksumite invasion, coupled with over-use of the land leading to desertification, led to the rapid decline of Meroe. The iron industry, requiring enormous amounts of wood, led to deforestation of the surrounding lands while cattle grazing and agriculture destroyed fields and depleted the soil.

Meroe was the southern administrative centre for the kingdom of Cush, beginning about 750 bc, at a time when Napata was still its capital. After the sack of Napata in about 590 by the Egyptian pharaoh Psamtik II, Meroe became the capital of the kingdom and developed into a wide and prosperous area.

The reason of the fall of Meroë is that it was conquered by the Aksumites around the year 330 CE where in this period Meroitic written and spoken language died. The Aksumites over-used Meroe’s resources specifically their land which led to desertification. Meroe drastically declined as a city by the 5th centuy.

The Egyptians ruled Kush for 800 years in New kingdom at intermittent intervals that began when the Egyptian King Thutmose I occupied Kush and destroyed its capital, Kerma. This eventually resulted in their annexation of Nubia c. 1504 BC.

More than two hundred Nubian pyramids were built, most plundered in ancient times. Her country was immediately south of what was ancient Egypt and shared its language in surviving texts….

Shanakhdakheto or Shanakdakhete was a Queen of the Kingdom of Kush, when the polity was centered at Meroë. She is the earliest known ruling African queen of ancient Nubia, and reigned from about 170 to 150 BC, although the period 170–160 BC is also mentioned.

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