The electrostatic force binds atoms together to form molecules. This is because when atoms combine to form molecules this involves the redistribution…

strong nuclear force

Electric force is the attractive force between the electrons and the nucleus. It works the same way for a negative charge, you also have an electric field around it. Now, like charges repel each other and opposite charges attract.

Second, gravitational forces are only attractive; electrical forces can be either attractive or repulsive. The inverse square relationship between force and distance that is woven into the equation is common to both non-contact forces.

Things that have equal numbers of electrons and protons are neutral. Things that have more electrons than protons are negatively charged, while things with fewer electrons than protons are positively charged. Things with the same charge repel each other. Things that have different charges attract each other.

Watt’s Law states that: Power (in Watts) = Voltage (in Volts) x Current (in Amps) P = V I Combining with Ohm’s law we get two other useful forms: P = V*V / R and P = I*I*R Power is a measurement of the amount of work that can be done with the circuit, such as turning a motor or lighiting a light bulb.

The body has resistance to current flow. More than 99% of the body’s resistance to electric current flow is at the skin. The skin acts like an electrical device such as a capacitor in that it allows more current to flow if a voltage is changing rapidly.

The Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 was made under section 37 of the Indian Electricity Act, 1910 (now repealed after enactment of The Electricity Act, 2003, but these rules themselves has been allowed to be in force till rules under section 53 of new Act are made).

(1) The following provisions shall apply to the connection with earth of systems at low voltage in cases where the voltage normally exceeds 125 volts and of systems at medium voltage:— 1[(a) Neutral conductor of a phase, 4 wire system and the middle conductor of a 2 phase, 3-wire system shall be earthed by not less …

The electrical clearance is the electrical isolation between two conductive components, whereas the creepage indicates the conduction of electricity across the surface of a nonconductive component. The clearance and creepage distance are two important parameters while designing an electrical assembly.

Electrical insulators are used to hold conductors in position, separating them from one another and from surrounding structures. They form a barrier between energized parts of an electric circuit and confine the flow of current to wires or other conducting paths as desired.

Insulators:

• glass.
• rubber.
• oil.
• asphalt.
• fiberglass.
• porcelain.
• ceramic.
• quartz.

The best insulator in the world right now is most probably aerogel, with silica aerogels having thermal conductivities of less than 0.03 W/m*K in atmosphere. of aerogel preventing ice from melting on a hot plate at 80 degrees Celsius! Aerogel has its amazing properties because it’s mostly made out of air.

A thermos is an insulator used to keep liquids warm. Insulators work as protectors. They may protect heat, sound and the passage of electricity. Thermal insulators, sound insulators and electrical insulators are used for various reasons, from keeping houses warm to protecting electrical wires and soundproofing rooms.

Well actually, pure water is an excellent insulator and does not conduct electricity.

Examples of insulators include plastics, Styrofoam, paper, rubber, glass and dry air. The division of materials into the categories of conductors and insulators is a somewhat artificial division.

Plastic, rubber, wood, and ceramics are good insulators. These are often used to make kitchen utensils, such as saucepan handles, to stop heat from flowing up to burn the cook’s hand. Plastic coating is also used to cover most electrical wires in appliances. Air is also a good insulator of heat.

Aluminum foil can be an effective insulating material because it doesn’t radiate heat out into the environment. That’s what makes it effective directly under a roof: although it will warm up through conduction from the shingles, it won’t radiate that heat out into the attic space.

Some materials do not allow the heat to flow through them and they are known as bad conductors of heat or heat insulators, The insulators are poor conductors of heat, The poor conductors are good insulators and they are materials that the heat can not travel through.

Metals are good conductors of both heat and electricity because of the nature of metallic bonding that is characteristic of metals. Metals are good conductors (and poor insulators) because the outer shell electrons are only loosely bound to the ionic cores of the metal atoms.

Examples of Thermal Insulators

• polystyrene foam.
• water.
• mineral wool.
• plastic.

Closed-cell spray foam has the highest R-value of any insulation, up to R-6 per inch. It takes up less space than fiberglass or blown-in insulation. It can also save up to $500 a year in energy costs.

In conclusion, glass is the best type of insulator because it transferred the least amount of thermal energy to the water in the cup. It had an average temperature of 82.3 degrees Fahrenheit. The next best insulator was foam with and average of 87.67 degrees Fahrenheit. Finally, the worst insulator was plastic.

Aerogel is more expensive, but definitely the best type of insulation. Fiberglass is cheap, but requires careful handling. Mineral wool is effective, but not fire resistant. Cellulose is fire resistant, eco-friendly, and effective, but hard to apply.

Vacuum insulated panels have the highest R-value, approximately R-45 (in U.S. units) per inch; aerogel has the next highest R-value (about R-10 to R-30 per inch), followed by polyurethane (PUR) and phenolic foam insulations with R-7 per inch.

Rolled fiberglass insulation scores an R-value of 3.7. So overall, rolled fiberglass insulation is slightly more effective at blocking in and out heat than its blown counterpart.

OPTIM-R is Kingspan’s thinnest insulation. It comprises of a rigid vacuum insulation panel (VIP) with a micro porous core which is evacuated, encased and sealed in a thin, gas-tight envelope which gives an outstanding thermal conductivity of 0.007 W/m.K.