Attrition occurs when the workforce dwindles at a company, following a period in which a number of people retire or resign, and are not replaced. A reduction in staff due to attrition is often called a hiring freeze and is seen as a less disruptive way to trim the workforce and reduce payroll than layoffs.

In Europa Universalis II, land attrition, also called supply attrition, is attrition suffered by land units due to lack of supply. As with all attrition, it is computed and applied at the first of the month.

Definition: Attrition is an erosional process. Rocks and pebbles are carried in the flow of a river. They repeatedly knock into each other, which causes the rocks to erode or to break. As the rocks continue to collide, they erode more and more, getting smaller and smaller until they are only sediment.

Rates of erosion by attrition are affected by the rocks shape, lithology, and the energy of impact, therefore, softer rocks are more susceptible to attrition erosion. As attrition and breakage occur on a bedrock it becomes suspended: down-stream of a river or waterway the bedload increases due to attrition.

Destructive waves erode through four main processes; Hydraulic Action, Compression, Abrasion and Attrition.

RIVER EROSION

• Attrition – is when the stones carried in the load of the river are themselves worn down.
• Abrasion – this is when the load hits against the bed and the banks of the river and erodes them rapidly.
• Solution – is when the chemicals in the water help to break down some rocks.

Erosional processes along coastlines include: (1) the direct effects of hydraulic action, wedging, and cavitation by waves; (2) abrasion (corrasion), using sand, gravel, and larger rock fragments as tools; (3) attrition of the rock particles themselves during this abrasive action; (4) salt weathering or fretting; (5) …

Surface erosion

• Sheet erosion. This occurs when rain falls on bare or sparsely covered soil, loosening fine particles (silt, clay and humus) that are carried downhill in surface run-off.
• Wind erosion.
• Rill erosion.
• Gully erosion.
• Tunnel gullying.
• Slips.
• Earth flows.
• Scree erosion.

Liquid water is the major agent of erosion on Earth. Rain, rivers, floods, lakes, and the ocean carry away bits of soil and sand and slowly wash away the sediment. Rainfall produces four types of soil erosion: splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, and gully erosion.

Below are the common water erosion types that can affect soil if not prevented promptly.

• Splash Erosion. This is the first stage in the erosion process that is caused by rain.
• Sheet Erosion.
• Rill Erosion.
• Gully Erosion.
• Tunnel Erosion.
• Impact On Flora.
• Impact On Fauna.
• Flooding.

These examples illustrate physical weathering:

• Swiftly moving water. Rapidly moving water can lift, for short periods of time, rocks from the stream bottom.
• Ice wedging. Ice wedging causes many rocks to break.
• Plant roots. Plant roots can grow in cracks.

Chemical Weathering From Oxygen One example of this type of weathering is rust formation, which occurs when oxygen reacts with iron to form iron oxide (rust).

2. Which is the best example of physical weathering? (1) The cracking of rock caused by the freezing and thawing of water.

Physical, or mechanical, weathering happens when rock is broken through the force of another substance on the rock such as ice, running water, wind, rapid heating/cooling, or plant growth. Chemical weathering occurs when reactions between rock and another substance dissolve the rock, causing parts of it to fall away.

1. CLIMATE: The amount of water in the air and the temperature of an area are both part of an area’s climate. Moisture speeds up chemical weathering. Weathering occurs fastest in hot, wet climates.

Explanation: A plant that grows up through rock can split the rock as the roots grow and expand. Therefore, plant roots splitting rock is the best example of physical weathering. Weathering causes changes to the Earth’s surface.

wind and similar forces are categorized under mechanical or physical weathering because they release their pressures on the rocks directly and indirectly which causes the rocks to fracture and disintegrate. Wind erosion shapes and forms land masses around the world.

There are two main types of physical weathering: Freeze-thaw occurs when water continually seeps into cracks, freezes and expands, eventually breaking the rock apart. Exfoliation occurs as cracks develop parallel to the land surface a consequence of the reduction in pressure during uplift and erosion.