When an atom gains electrons, it becomes a negative charged ion, or anion.

Ex, when you rub a rubber rod with fur, the rubber becomes negatively charged. In contrast, when you rub a glass rod with silk, the glass becomes positively charged.

Most electric charge is carried by the electrons and protons within an atom. Electrons are said to carry negative charge, while protons are said to carry positive charge, although these labels are completely arbitrary (more on that later).

Neutron

electron

Quarks

quarks

Electrons

Protons and neutrons are made of quarks, but electrons aren’t. As far as we can tell, quarks and electrons are fundamental particles, not built out of anything smaller. It’s not just matter: light is also made of particles called photons.

Quark. A proton is composed of two up quarks, one down quark, and the gluons that mediate the forces “binding” them together. The color assignment of individual quarks is arbitrary, but all three colors must be present; red, blue and green are used as an analogy to the primary colors that together produce a white color …

The Twelve Fundamental Particles

Fundamental force, also called fundamental interaction, in physics, any of the four basic forces—gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, and weak—that govern how objects or particles interact and how certain particles decay. All the known forces of nature can be traced to these fundamental forces.

Strong Nuclear Force

Fundamental fermions

• Generations.
• Mass.
• Antiparticles.
• Quarks.
• Gluons.
• Electroweak bosons.
• Higgs boson.
• Graviton.

Gravity is a force. For all other forces that we are aware of (electromagnetic force, weak decay force, strong nuclear force) we have identified particles that transmit the forces at a quantum level. In quantum theory, each particle acts both as a particle AND a wave.

There are six force particles in the standard model, which create the interactions between matter particles. They are divided into four fundamental forces: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak forces.

The strong nuclear force, also called the strong nuclear interaction, is the strongest of the four fundamental forces of nature. It’s 6 thousand trillion trillion trillion (that’s 39 zeroes after 6!) times stronger than the force of gravity, according to the HyperPhysics website.