An elongated lowland between ranges of mountains, hills, or other uplands, often having a river or stream running along the bottom. The definition of a valley is a stretch of low land between two mountain or hill ranges.

A land area surrounded by water. A landmass, not as large as a continent, surrounded by water. lake. An inland body of water, usually freshwater, larger than a pool or pond.

canyon

strait

Strait is a narrow stretch of water that joins two large water bodies and separates two landmasses. Strait can be formed by a body of water overflowing land that has subsided or has been eroded.

Two narrow waterways, the Bosporus Strait and the Dardenelles Strait, are situated at the west end of the peninsula.

The bed of the lake forms part of the Jordan Rift Valley. South of the Kinneret lies the saltwater Dead Sea which forms the border between Israel and Jordan and is 418 meters (1,371 ft) below sea level, making it the lowest water surface on Earth.

Saudi Arabia. What two cities central to the religion of Islam are located in this country? Medina and Mecca.

And the rivers Euphrates River, Tigris River, Suez Canal, and the Jordan River. The rivers of Southwest Asia (the Middle East) are important because much of this region of the world is dry and desert or semi-desert.

How do the two types of deserts in the region differ from each other? Sandy desert regions are usually out in the open and very dry. Salt desert regions are usually in the rain shadow of a mountain range and doesn’t suffer from lack of water but increased evaporation.

How does the Mediterranean Coast differ from other coast of SW Asia? The Mediterranean Coast grows citrus plants and olives, whereas the other coasts are deserts and are unable to grow anything, and also the Mediterranean Coast has no oil, where the other coastshave an excess.

They are located in desert areas with flat or slightly hilly land.

What are the most valuable resources in the region and why are they valuable? Oil, because we’re running out of it (fossil fuels) and they have the highest supply of it.

Mountains are difficult to cross, there are few rivers to use for transportation, and deserts are too hot and arid for humans. How are landforms and desert climate connected? Both restrict movement, some landforms cause desert areas to form.

Why is extensive irrigation needed in the region? Extensive irrigation is needed to carry the water civilizations need in order to survive and prosper. Where in the region are well-watered lands found?

Probably one of the oldest methods of irrigating fields is surface irrigation (also known as flood or furrow irrigation), where farmers flow water down small trenches running through their crops.

The main types of irrigation followed by farmers include:

• Surface Irrigation. In this system, no irrigation pump is involved.
• Localized Irrigation.
• Sprinkler Irrigation.
• Drip Irrigation.
• Centre Pivot Irrigation.
• Sub Irrigation.
• Manual Irrigation.
• Traditional Methods of Irrigation.

There are two main types of irrigation systems: low flow and high flow. Both can be utilized in one garden if needed. Low flow systems refer to micro spray, drip emitters, or drip lines.

Furrow irrigation is a method of laying out the water channels in such a way where gravity plays the role of providing just enough water for suitable plants to grow. It is usually made by the planned placement of ridges and furrows. It is a kind of surface irrigation system.

There are four main types of irrigation such as; Surface Irrigation; Sprinkler Irrigation; Drip or trickle Irrigation; Subsurface Irrigation Surface Irrigation System: There is a misconception that, Surface Irrigation process is sometimes considered as Flood Irrigation because of uncontrolled water distribution.

the type in which crops are supplied water by pumping water from lower level to higher level is known as lift irrigation. the type in which water is supplied directly to soil through channels is known as flow or surface irrigation.

A canal aligned roughly parallel to the contours of the area is called a contour canal. This type of canal can be seen in hilly regions. Since it is parallel to the contour line, the ground on one side of the canal is higher and hence irrigation is possible only on the other side of the canal.

The duty is largest

• A. at the head of water course.
• on the field.
• at the head of a main canal.
• same at all places.

Ridge/watershed canals: These canals are usually taken off from contour canals. These canals are suitable for plain areas where slopes are relatively flat. These canals ensure gravity irrigation on both sides of the ridge line. Thats why, the most desirable alignment of an irrigation canal is along ridge line.

The time interval between such consecutive watering is called as “Frequency of irrigation” or “Rotation period”. Every time, the water depth required by the crop varies from 5 to 10cm which again varies with the type of crop.