Satellite imagery and aerial photography both provide a view of the Earth from above, and both are used to study geography, to survey areas of land and even to spy on governments. The methods of creating images differs between the two techniques, as does the application of such images most of the time.

Remote sensing instruments are of two primary types:

• Active sensors, provide their own source of energy to illuminate the objects they observe.
• Passive sensors, on the other hand, detect natural energy (radiation) that is emitted or reflected by the object or scene being observed.

These thematic mappers take images in multiple wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (multi-spectral) and are usually found on Earth observation satellites, including (for example) the Landsat program or the IKONOS satellite.

GPS D. radar. GIS is the primary technology that scientists use for detecting natural disasters, such as hurricanes.

Radar (radio detection and ranging) has become an important tool for observing and predicting the weather. Radar was invented and developed in Britain and the U.S. at the beginning of the Second World War. It was used to detect the approach of enemy airplanes. An antenna sends out radio waves.

Energy Source or Illumination (A) – the first requirement for remote sensing is to have an energy source which illuminates or provides electromagnetic energy to the target of interest.

Compared to field-based sampling, remote sensing cannot provide measures of human and environmental phenomena, such as water quality, vegetation composition, soil properties, or plant health, with the same amount of detail.

• COMPONENTS OF REMOTE SENSING.
• 1.1 Energy Source or Illumination.
• 1.2 Interaction with the Target.
• 1.3 Recording of Energy by the Sensor.
• 1.4 Transmission, Reception, and Processing.
• 1.5 Interpretation and Analysis.
• CONCEPT OF SPECTRAL SIGNATURES.
• EARTH OBSERVATION SYSTEMS.

Remote sensing is the science of acquiring information about an object or phenomenon by measuring emitted and reflected radiation. There are two primary types of remote sensing instruments — active and passive.

Remote Sensing Instruments – Disadvantages:

• Expensive to build and operate!!!!
• Measurement uncertainty can be large.
• resolution is often coarse. 88D pulse volume is over 1.5 km wide at 100 km range from radar.
• Data interpretation can be difficult.

• Remote sensing is a fairly expensive method of analysis especially when measuring or analyzing smaller areas.
• Remote sensing requires a special kind of training to analyze the images.
• It is expensive to analyze repetitive photographs if there is need to analyze different aspects of the photography features.

What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Remote Sensing?

• Remote Sensing Technology Can Survey Large and Inaccessible Areas.
• Remote Sensing Data Can Have a Wide Range of Uses.
• Point Cloud Software Analyzes Data Quickly.
• Remote Sensing Doesn’t Disturb People or the Environment.

An advantage of airborne remote sensing, compared to satellite remote sensing, is the capability of offering very high spatial resolution images (20 cm or less). The disadvantages are low coverage area and high cost per unit area of ground coverage.

Remote sensing is the science and art of acquiring information about the earth surface without actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information.

The advantages of remote sensing include the ability to collect information over large spatial areas; to characterize natural features or physical objects on the ground; to observe surface areas and objects on a systematic basis and monitor their changes over time; and the ability to integrate this data with other …

Sensor	Advantages	Disadvantages
Capacitive Sensor	•Detects Through Some Containers •Can Detect Non-Metallic Targets	•Very Sensitive to Extreme Environmental Changes
Ultrasonic Sensor	•Senses all Materials	•Resolution •Repeatability •Sensitive to Temperature Changes

Disadvantages of electrochemical sensors include:

• Narrow or limited temperature range.
• Short or limited shelf life.
• Cross-sensitivity of other gases.
• The greater the exposure to the target gas, the shorter the life span.

The disadvantages of capacitive pressure sensors include sensitivity to lower electrostatic discharge (ESD) voltages, and higher cost due to lower manufacturing volumes.

The key advantages of sensors include improved sensitivity during data capture, almost lossless transmission, and continuous, real-time analysis. Real-time feedback, and data analytics services ensure that processes are active, and are executed optimally.

List of Sensors

• Vision and Imaging Sensors.
• Temperature Sensors.
• Radiation Sensors.
• Proximity Sensors.
• Pressure Sensors.
• Position Sensors.
• Photoelectric Sensors.
• Particle Sensors.

all use sensors to monitor oil temperature and pressure, throttle and steering systems and so many more aspects. When you are at work, the lights may turn on using a motion sensor. Public toilet flushes often use a push-button or an infrared switch. You may also use a computer which uses many different sensors.

The Pros and Cons of Consumer Panels

PROS	CONS
You can use them quickly and efficiently.	They don’t give you much quality higher than a focus group.
They are much more forward-thinking than regular consumers.	Their opinions may not be representative, and may send you down the wrong track.

Disadvantages of Consumer Panels

• It is all too easy to end up in a situation where selection is biased, which would distort the evidence if participants don’t want to give honest feedback.
• Opinions from the panel may not be representative if there is a large number of early adopters or trend setters on the panel.

Consumer panels are used to test public opinion in a controlled method for advertisements, products and services. Consumer panels may be used for test marketing, which is a tool used by companies to gauge probable market success or the effectiveness of a marketing campaign.

A consumer panel is defined as a representative group of people, selected by an organization or business to provide opinions and inputs for consumer research.

Actuators and transducers are both examples of sensors.

Sensor technology in vehicles With cameras, infrared and ultrasonic sensors and radar sensors, driver assistance systems, such as autonomous emergency braking systems or parking aids, make everyday life easier and also increase safety on the road. Drivers can then drive directly to free parking spaces.

Examples of different sensors and their uses include: Biosensors – scans during pregnancy/ultrasound Pressure sensors – oxygen concentrators Temperature sensors – ventilators Image sensors – cardiology Some sensors need to be especially small, lightweight, and compatible with body mass, and require very little power to …