Panofsky seeks to. describe the visual symptoms endemic, as it were, to works of a certain period. (Baroque), medium (film), or national entity (England), and to assess the. significance of those symptoms in a larger, conceptual frame of reference.

: the study of icons or artistic symbolism.

Iconology is a method of interpretation in cultural history and the history of the visual arts used by Aby Warburg, Erwin Panofsky and their followers that uncovers the cultural, social, and historical background of themes and subjects in the visual arts. …

: a specialist in iconology.

In general, the term “positive law” connotes statutes, i.e., law that has been enacted by a duly authorized legislature. A positive law title of the Code is a title that has been enacted as a statute. To enact the title, a positive law codification bill is introduced in Congress.

Examples of positive law include rules such as the speed that individuals are allowed to drive on the highway and the age that individuals can legally purchase alcohol. Ideally, when drafting positive laws, governing bodies would base them on their sense of natural law.

Positive law is based on the idea of “majority rules,” and is not only enacted by men, but can be taken away by men as well. This type of law is based in the notion of social justice, which may create an manmade equality. Positive law is subordinate to natural law, which has its origins in human nature.

In the United States, positive laws come in a variety of forms at both the state and federal levels, including legislative enactments, judicial orders, executive decrees, and administrative regulations. In short, a positive law is any express written command of the government.

Positive Law theory stems from the powers that have enacted it. This type of law is necessary as it is manmade or enacted by the state to protect the rights of the individuals, the governed, to resolve civil disputes and lastly to maintain order and safety in the society.

The law given by God to man in addition to the natural law. Divine positive law includes the primitive law given by God in Paradise and after the Fall, the law of the Old Testament given through Moses and the Prophets (see law, mosaic), and the law of the New Testament revealed through Christ.

Positive law is basically human-made law. Black’s law dictionary defines positive law as “Law actually and specifically enacted or adopted by proper authority for the government of an organized society.” This is principally how Austin frames his notion of Law, which fundamentally constitutes Positive Laws for him.

The two theories are independent of each other: it’s perfectly consistent to accept one but reject the other. Legal positivism claims that ii) is false. Legal positivism and the natural law theory of positive law are rival views about what is law and what is its relation to justice/morality.

Positive law must be written down. Natural laws are unwritten laws. In short, then, positive law must be made by a given government and it relies on the government for its power. Natural law is not made by people and has moral power regardless of whether a government recognizes it and makes it into positive law or not.

Common law is based on the current standards or customs of the people and is usually pronounced by judges in settling people’s disputes, while positive law is set down by a central authority to prevent disputes and wrongs from occurring in the first place.

The primary sources of law in the United States are the United States Constitution, state constitutions, federal and state statutes, common law, case law, and administrative law.

I. Legal Reasoning – Generally

1. Issue – What specifically is being debated?
2. Rule – What legal rule governs this issue?
3. Facts – What are the facts relevant to this Rule?
4. Analysis – Apply the rule to the facts.
5. Conclusion – Having applied the rule to the facts, what’s the outcome?

Why do the two forms of ethical reasoning, consequencesbased and rulebased, usually result in the same decision, and what is the probable cause when they do not?

• 1 – GATHER THE FACTS. □ Don’t jump to conclusions without the facts.
• 2 – DEFINE THE ETHICAL ISSUE(S)
• 3 – IDENTIFY THE AFFECTED PARTIES.
• 4 – IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES.
• 5 – IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRINCIPLES,
• 6 – CONSIDER YOUR CHARACTER &
• 7 – THINK CREATIVELY ABOUT POTENTIAL.
• 8 – CHECK YOUR GUT.

Important Skills for Ethical Reasoning

• Moral Reasonableness − The ability and willingness to be morally reasonable that one should have while dealing such issues.
• Respect for Persons − The persons involved in the issue, should be treated with genuine concern by one.