Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons. Isobars are atoms of different chemical elements having equal values for atomic mass. Isotopes have the same atomic number. Isobars have different atomic numbers.

The mole concept is a convenient method of expressing the amount of a substance. Any measurement can be broken down into two parts – the numerical magnitude and the units that the magnitude is expressed in. It primarily focuses on the unit known as a ‘mole’, which is a count of a very large number of particles.

KLMN represent energy levels/shells given by Bohr theory and represented by principal quantum number(n) spdf represent orbitals within each of the shells given by sommerfield and represented by azimuthal quantum number(l) Note that n can take any natural number value while l can take values from 0 to (n-1)…

He later renamed these two types K and L since he realized that the highest energy X-rays produced in his experiments might not be the highest energy X-ray possible. He wanted to make certain that there was room to add more discoveries without ending up with an alphabetical list of X-rays whose energies were mixed up.

K denotes the first shell (or energy level), L the second shell, M, the third shell, and so on. In other words, the KLMN(OP) notation only indicates the number of electrons an atom has with each principal quantum number (n). The SPDF notation subdivides each shell into its subshells.

The K shell is the first shell or energy level, L is the second shell, M is third, and so on. The KLMN notations indicate the total number of electrons with each principal quantum number which is n.

KLMN is the notation that is used for indicating the number of electrons of an atom with each principal quantum number.

The names of the electron shells come from a fellow named Charles G. Barkla, a spectroscopist who studied the X-rays that are emitted by atoms when they are hit with high energy electrons.

The names of the electron shell were given by a spectroscopist named Charles G Barkla. He named the innermost shell has k shell because he noticed that the X-rays emitted two types energies. These energies were named as type A that is higher energy X-ray and type B that is lower energy X-ray.

Electron capture (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture) is a process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically neutral atom absorbs an inner atomic electron, usually from the K or L electron shells.

When at neutral, the potassium ion in the form of K has an electronic configuration of: The K+ ion has its outermost electrons on the third energy level now and is size is smaller than that of K ion. Hence, K is larger than K+.

The name derives from the English “potash” or “pot ashes” because it is found in caustic potash (KOH). The symbol K derives from the Latin kalium via the Arabic qali for alkali.

K is in 1st Group that is , It is in S block, We see that, Pottasium(k) has 1 electron in it’s outermost shell, So k+ will have, 8 outermost electrons, According to Octet rule, K+ will be more stable !.

Also note that at approximately 2750 °K the stability window of water has almost completely disappeared, even under relatively high hydrogen and oxygen pressures. The reactor core in the chernobyl disaster has been estimated to have reached this temperature, at least in portions.

Sc is in the first d-block group. Thus it has 3 electrons to ger rid of, making its stable ions +3. Knowig this we can conclude that is the only ion stable in water.

Stability depends on the hydration energy (enthalpy) of the ions when they bond to the water molecules. The Cu2+ ion has a greater charge density than Cu+ ion and thus forms much stronger bonds releasing more energy.