Drive theory is based on the principle that organisms are born with certain psychological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied. When a need is satisfied, drive is reduced and the organism returns to a state of homeostasis and relaxation.

Motivated behavior is directed toward or away from particular stimuli, and also is characterized by substantial activity, vigor, persistence, and exertion of effort in both the initiation and maintenance of behavior.

The drive reduction theory of motivation became popular during the 1940s and 1950s as a way to explain behavior, learning, and motivation. According to the theory, the reduction of drives is the primary force behind motivation.

Three Main Theories on Motivation are 1. Optimal-level Theory, 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Humanistic Theory!

Maslow Motivation Theory

There are four major theories in the need-based category: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, ERG theory, Herzberg’s dual factor theory, and McClelland’s acquired needs theory.

Content Theories of Motivation. Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs, Alderfer’s ERG theory, McClelland’s achievement motivation theory, and Herzberg’s two-factor theory focused on what motivates people and addressed specific factors like individual needs and goals.

The presence of these factors build high motivation and job satisfaction. However, if these conditions are not present, they do not cause dissatisfaction. There are six factors: achievement, recognition, advancement, work itself, possibilities of personal growth, responsibility.

4 Important Principles of Scientific Management

• (1) Science, Not Rule of Thumb:
• (2) Harmony, Not Discord:
• (3) Cooperation, Not Individualism:
• (4) Development of Each and Every Person to His / Her Greatest Efficiency and Prosperity:

Principles of Scientific Management – Five Principles: Science, not Rule of Thumb, Harmony, not Discord, Cooperation, not Individualism and a Few Others.

Principles of Scientific Management – Observation and Analysis, Selection & Training, Cooperation, Responsibility, Mental Revolution and Prosperity. Taylor suggested use of scientific methods in decision making for solving management problems.

Scientific Management: Six Basic Elements of Scientific…

• Work Study:
• Standardisation of Tools and Equipment:
• Scientific Selection, Placement and Training:
• 4. Development of Functional Foremanship:
• Introducing Costing System:
• Mental Revolution:

Taylor’s four principles are as follows: Replace working by “rule of thumb,” or simple habit and common sense, and instead use the scientific method to study work and determine the most efficient way to perform specific tasks.

Scientific management is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows. Its main objective is improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. Scientific management is sometimes known as Taylorism after its pioneer, Frederick Winslow Taylor.

Loss of Individual’s Initiative The leading objection to Scientific Management that comes from workers is that it leads to excessive job standardization. Under Scientific Management, methods of work are all standardized and instructions are given to the workers by the foreman.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Scientific Management Theory:

Over speeding – the scientific management lays standard output, time so they have to rush up and finish the work in time. These have adverse effect on health of workers. The workers speed up to that standard output, so scientific management drives the workers to rush towards output and finish work in standard time.

Scientific management provides the following advantages:

• (1) Reduction in the Cost of Production:
• (2) Better Quality Products:
• (3) Benefits of Division of Labour:
• (4) Avoidance of Disputes between Labour and Management:
• (5) Increased Wages:
• (6) Gains to Owners/Investors:

Lack of Proper Motivation: Under scientific management wages are paid to the workers as per the piece-wage system. Minimum wage is not assured to the workers. This means that Taylor assumed that money is the greatest motivating force. If a worker does more work, he will get more wages.

The main criticism advanced against scientific management by the psychologists is that it is mechanical in approach. The worker has to operate strictly in accordance with the instructions issued to him by his foreman. He has practically no say in determining the policies with regard to work.

Mayo’s Theory of Motivation. Based on analyzing the data of the Hawthorn Studies, Mayo proposed that employees aren’t that motivated by pay and environmental factors. Instead, positive relational factors play a bigger role in productivity. The importance of group working cannot be overstressed.

Essay # 1. Scientific management implies the application of science to management. It means conduct of the business activities according to pattern through standardised tools, methods and trained personnel in order to increase the output, improve its quality, reduce the costs and wastes.