When scientists conduct experiments, influences and errors occur that affect the results of the experiments. Those influences and errors that occur because of some characteristics of the experimenter or because of something the experimenter did are called experimenter effects.

Expectation bias in ATC can be defined as having a strong belief or mindset towards a particular outcome. This can occur even when there is evidence to the contrary. Types of biases can include: Outcome Bias. Hindsight Bias.

any influence a researcher may have on the results of his or her research, derived from either interaction with participants or unintentional errors of observation, measurement, analysis, or interpretation.

Expectancy bias (also known as observer-expectancy effect) refers to the subconscious influence that a researcher can have on the subjects of a research study. It is a type of cognitive bias that can affect researchers.

In research, the observer bias is a form of detection bias originating at a study’s stage of observing or recording information. Observer bias can also occur when the subject knows they are being examined (sometimes referred as the Hawthorne effect).

Observer bias is a type of detection bias and can affect assess- ment in many kinds of study including obser- vational studies and intervention studies such as randomised trials. Biases in recording objective data may result from poor training in the use of measurement devices or data sources, or unchecked bad habits.

The Observer

The Guardian

The Daily Telegraph

The Times

Daily Mirror – mainstream newspaper which has consistently supported the Labour Party since the 1945 general election. The Morning Star – co-operative, reader-owned socialist newspaper. Britain’s Road to Socialism, the programme of the Communist Party of Britain, underlies the paper’s editorial stance.

The Sunday Times

As a right-wing tabloid, the Mail has traditionally been a supporter of the Conservatives and has endorsed this party in all recent general elections.

Political allegiance. The Mirror has consistently supported the Labour Party since the 1945 general election.

It has been seen as leaning to the left wing of the political spectrum, making it more a competitor to The Guardian. However, The Independent tends to take a liberal, pro-market stance on economic issues. The Independent on Sunday referred to itself as a “proudly liberal newspaper”.