Fermi Level in n-type Semiconductor When pentavalent impurity is added to pure semiconductor, it results in n-type semiconductor. The fifth electron of donor atom is loosely bounded. By small thermal energy or by applying electric field, this electron can be easily excited from the valence band to the conduction band.

It determines the population at different energy levels. It also determines how easily can the material conductor electricity. As your Fermi level approaches your conduction band energy, it will be easier for the electrons from the valence band to travel to the conduction band.

From the energy level diagram of the n-type semiconductor, it’s clear that the Fermi level is present near the conduction band and far away from the valence band. In the case of n-type semiconductor, the Fermi level is present just below the conduction band.

P-type semiconductors are created by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with an electron acceptor element during manufacture. The term p-type refers to the positive charge of a hole. As opposed to n-type semiconductors, p-type semiconductors have a larger hole concentration than electron concentration.

If the dopant has more electrons in the outer shell than the semiconductor material, it’s going to be n-type, and with less electrons in the outer shell, it’s p-type.

trivalent compound

Indium is a soft, ductile, manleable, lustrous metallic metal. Its colour is silvery white and it has a face-centered tetragonal structure. It is liquid over a wide range of temperatures, like gallium that belongs to its same group. Both indium and gallium are able to wet glass.

Most indium is used to make indium tin oxide (ITO), which is an important part of touch screens, flatscreen TVs and solar panels. This is because it conducts electricity, bonds strongly to glass and is transparent. Indium nitride, phosphide and antimonide are semiconductors used in transistors and microchips.

In the diagram at left below, the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group is called the hydrogen bond donor, because it is “donating” its hydrogen to the nitrogen. The nitrogen atom is called the hydrogen bond acceptor, because it is “accepting” the hydrogen from the oxygen.

Water and alcohols may serve as both donors and acceptors, whereas ethers, aldehydes, ketones and esters can function only as acceptors. Similarly, primary and secondary amines are both donors and acceptors, but tertiary amines function only as acceptors. 1.

In this hydrogen bond between water and ammonia, water is the hydrogen bond donor (shown in red) and ammonia is the hydrogen bond acceptor. In this hydrogen bond between water and ammonia, ammonia is the hydrogen bond donor (shown in red) and water is the hydrogen bond acceptor.